Monday, September 30, 2019

Mpw1153 Moral Education Essay

ASSIGNMENT 1: ETHICAL DECISION-MAKING We make choices every day. Some of our choices are practical decisions about what will work best, look prettier, feel softer, taste sweeter, what to eat today or last longer. Those decisions don’t necessarily involve right or wrong; they involve efficiency, availability, practicality or preference. For those choices list your options, gather information about your choices, list the pros and cons for each one, select the best option and there you have it – a real decision. On the other hand many of our choices are about doing the right thing. Each of these choices involves thousands of messages whirling inside the brain. In a split second our minds review the facts, explore our feelings, study consequences, compare the options against our beliefs and priorities, consider what others may think, and give the cue for action. Decisions happen so quickly but the consequences can last a lifetime. That’s why careful consideration is important. A code of ethics can help. It determines direction in our lives. Important decision take time and need to be think it carefully cause what you do will affect the people around you. Say, you are a CEO in the process of finalising a business partnership which is vital for the survival of your company, and then you are appalled to discover at the last minute that your prospective partner is involved in systematic bribery of tax officials in one of the main countries where you are hoping to expand the market for your product. So long as nobody knows that you know you overheard a conversation in a lift, or accidentally saw an email intended for someone else. You have the option of turning a blind eye. If and when the corrupt practices are brought to light, you can claim that the wool was pulled over your eyes. By that time, your balance sheet will be looking healthier and you can afford to break with your partner and let them face the trouble alone. There is no doubt that such a course of action is unethical. But in a real life situation, the alternative option might be a very difficult decision to take, especially if there is a real danger that without this partnership your company will go out of business. Self-interest is a valid consideration. A company is not required to sacrifice its interests and those of its shareholders for the greater good. However, the case we are now describing goes well beyond legitimate self-interest. The problem, bluntly, is one of weakness of will. You know what you should do, but are reluctant to bite the bullet. And the other situation, a freak accident occurs at a chemical factory with a previously exemplary safety record, and a man dies. An investigation into the causes of the accident recommends measures to prevent similar accidents happening in the future. However these changes would be prohibitively expensive to implement. The CEO faces the choice of closing down the plant with the loss of hundreds of jobs, or allowing the plant to continue with changes in procedure which reduce the risk but do not eliminate it entirely. We are asked to determine the value of eliminating a small but significant risk of injury or death versus the value of continuing to provide employment. A dogmatic response would be to say that no value, however great, can be put on a man’s life. However, if that principle were to be put literally into practice, daily life would grind to a halt. Even if only one person a year died in a car accident, all private transport would be banned. So, while we pay lip service to the belief that a human life is beyond measure, in practice decisions are made which are inconsistent with that belief. A genuinely difficult ethical decision, on the other hand, is one where with the best will in the world you do not know what you should do. The problem here is not with the will but with ethical knowledge. The wise decision maker has the ethical knowledge that the unwise or inexperienced decision maker lacks. Lack of ability in ethical decision making can be remedied by appropriate training. As we shall now see, however, competence in making ethical decisions is still not enough. Sometimes we face ethical decisions which are difficult, not because of something we lack the required knowledge or expertise but rather because the nature of the situation which we are dealing with is such that no amount of expertise would be sufficient to  determine the one and only ‘correct’ answer. This is the characteristic feature of a true ethical dilemma.

Sunday, September 29, 2019

5 steps in a process to collect digital evidence Essay

Some important steps in the process of collecting digital evidence from the time you are called to assist and the time when you have to testify are: identifying evidence, collecting evidence, preserving evidence, analyzing evidence and presenting evidence (Solomon et. al, 2011, Loc 2332). One of the first steps in identifying evidence is understanding the purpose of the investigation. This knowledge will help you to decide what evidence you will need based on the type of case you’re participating in. A critical part of identifying evidence if it is a criminal investigation would be to know what is allowed on the search warrant. As the Computer Forensics Jumpstart we are using for our textbook, seldom is â€Å"take everything† allowed (Solomon et. al, 2011, Loc 2332). Even if the investigation does not involve a search warrant, care must be taken to operate within legal guidelines because ANY investigation may â€Å"end up as prime evidence for lawsuits in the future† (Solomon et. al, 2011, Loc 2341). The second step in identifying the evidence is to take a look around. Perform a site survey (Solomon et. al, 2011, Loc 2351). Take pictures, make notes, sketch the area and make sure you have enough information to describe the area in detail should you need at some future date (Solomon et. al, 2011, 2361). Take note of what you see and what you think it means. You will look at the usual laptop or computer and at the hard drive and other portable storage devices of course, but remember to look beyond the obvious. The textbook uses the example of seeing a high-speed scanner and a credit card reader (Solomon et. al, 2011, Loc 2389) and thinking about what possibilities these items would be used for.

Saturday, September 28, 2019

Human Impact on Environment Essay

From the moment we wake up to the time we sleep, most of the products used are hazardous to the environment directly or indirectly. A person voluntarily and non-voluntarily spends his day on the expense of atmosphere. Being aware of the dangerous effects of many products that we use, we continue using these products. From pencil that we use in school from the paper used in office and different furniture decorating our house are all made on the expense of surroundings. Most of the luxurious items like fridge, air condition and car all affect our ozone layer. Book Book is something that everyone uses regardless of age. Be it reading, writing, coloring or for references. No one grows up without being around a book. Before the advent of internet books were only available on papers. There was no concept of electronic books. There are a lot of verities available in books. People make their own customized books for any event or refer to them on any subject. Children use it for reading purpose, drawing, coloring and writing. Components of a Book: Any basic book has the following components: †¢ Laminate sheet. †¢ Binder boards †¢ Paper †¢ Ink †¢ Dye (For colored papers) †¢ Thread †¢ Adhesive Paper Paper like we all are aware of is made from trees. These trees are cut in log form and sent to paper production factories. A machine then removes impurities and cut them into small equal sizes of wood chips through a chipper. These chips are then transformed into pulp through chemical pulping (wood chips are cooked in sodium hydroxide and sodium sulfide) or mechanical pulping (logs are beforehand chemically treated and then passed through a metal disk). This process tree oil and eradicate splits cellulose and hemi cellulose from the lignin. The remaining fiber is used to produce paper. Read more:  Effects of Festivals on Environment The cooked pulp is the washed to and processed through a bleaching tower to add brightness. Pulp is the modified and further refined. This pulp is then pressed against a wide screen drains out all the water cut in equal sizes. Fibers are shaped into mats and pressed through heavy rollers and then moved through hot dryers to evaporate excess water. In the end starch is added to fill gaps in the sheet surface. These sheets are then pressed between a roller and cut into smaller sizes for further usage (Essortment, n. d. ). At times clay and dye are mixed with these papers to add shine and color to them. Ink Without printing inks there would be no books, papers or magazines. Knowledge would have had no proper way to being materialized and stored. Ink has four basic components. Pigments are used to color the ink, make it glossy and resistance from being affected by heat and light. It makes t he ink opaque. Some of the pigments used to make ink are extenders, opacifiers, inorganic black, organic yellow, organic orange etc. Resins is another ingredient that combines the ink together into a film and attaches it to the printed surface. It adds to the characteristics of ink being glossy and resistance to heat, chemical and water. They are mainly produced at New Zealand. Few of the commonly resins used ate acrylics, alkyds, rubber resins, phenolics, hydrocarbons, polyamides, shellac etc. Solvent is the third most important element that which keeps ink in a fluid form where it is stored till its being shifted to the background where its being printed. Solvent has to disconnect from its storage body containing ink to be embossed on the surface being allowed to dry and form into proper image. Additives are used to modify the physical attribute of the ink to go with different conditions. Varnish production is the first step in formation of ink. This is obtained through assimilation of resins, solvents and additives to structure a consistent fusion. The longer these components are allowed to react into a bigger molecule, varnish turns out to be more glutinous. Pigments are later added to the varnish which results into cluster of pigment particles. Different machines are used to break these clumps and spread them equally through the ink (Sengenuity, n. d. ). Adhesives Many different types of adhesives are used in bookbinding. Starch, animal glue, emulsion and hot-melt are its few examples. All have chemicals involved in them. Water based emulsion adhesive for instance is made from emulsification and polymerization of acetic vinyl, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) and acrylic resin in water. Due to the absence of organic solvent this adhesive is inflammable and not toxic. After compiling papers in a proper sequence, adhesive is spread on the spine or binder board (could either be of a thick paper sheet or cloth) that serves as a support for bookbinding It then permanently joints papers and the thick sheet carrying adhesive together. Adverse Effects on Environment Paper Paper that we use for almost everything is manufactured on the expense of trees. Trees absorb carbon dioxide through their pores existing in leaves and accumulate it in there soil, wood, bark and leaves. They turn carbon dioxide into oxygen that we breathe. It controls erosion and cleans underground water system. It stabilizes dust entrapping air polluting gases and cools the air turning water into vapors. Thus cutting trees are one of the major causes of global warming. Paper companies should spread the message of growing plants and tree in the environment. They should have public service messages on television, radio and behind all the printed books. Tress cut for the process of pulp production should also be replaced with new ones. Paper production consumes a lot of water and energy. Ink should be washed off from the paper before decomposing it. Wasting papers should be discouraged everywhere. They should be recycled. Usage of recycled paper should be encouraged. Many tree free papers are also being used in different parts of the world. They are made from sugarcane fiber, cereal straw, banana stalk etc. Ink Chemicals used in making ink like petroleum hydrocarbon. They discharge volatile organic compounds (VOC) while drying that creates waste, air pollution and is a source of many health diseases. Pigment has perilous metals like cadmium, mercury, chromium. Minerals oil used to clean printing machine also releases VOC in air. In many countries news papers and pages from books are used to wrap food items. Ink is transferred into human bodies when they eat from that paper. Also at the time of paper recycling, ink does not wash off entirely. A sensible alternative of this dangerous ink would be switching to vegetable based ink made from soy or linseed oil. They have many advantages. They decrease the amount of VOC released in the atmosphere. It does not contain hazardous heavy metal. They contain non-toxic soybean oil used in cooking, dressing and beverage. They are easily recycled and emanate less amount of toxic residue. It also increases American agriculture economy by providing them with a market. Ink made by soy ink is more rick and bright and creates less waste on press (Proia, Jennifer, n. d. ). Adhesives Adhesive has its own inauspicious impact on environment. Ethylene vinyl acetate emulsion is known for explosive gas that pollutes air and water. At the time of production it may cause skin and eye irritation. Adhesives should be washed off before decomposing paper. Adhesive should have less amount of inflammable chlorinated hydrocarbon. Solvents should be put back in the production cycle without damaging the environment. Many companies use white emulsion which is pollution free, nonflammable, non-toxic and harmless. It has been certified from China Environmental Labeling Products and ISO 14001 International Management System for bein ‘Double Green’ environmental friendly product. Conclusion More or less every thing that we use has unpleasant effect on the environment. Consumption of these products and their consequences are inevitable. In such case it is highly imperative to use alternative techniques that diminish precarious results. They may include growing more trees and plants, recycling, using more recycled products, spreading information about products that are harmful to the environment and their less dodgy alternatives. Negligence to these important facts has already stared to destroy our nature. As individuals, one should make a habit to study about the products and its components that we use regularly in our lives and educate others about its side-effects too. References Essortment. How is paper made from trees? Accessed on April 2, 2009. http://www. essortment. com/all/paperhowismad_rrfn. htm Proia, Jennifer. Going green with your marketing materials. Accessed on April 3, 2009. http://www. graphic-design. com/DTG/Business/greenprint. html Sengenuity. Printing ink technology and manufacture. Accessed on April 2, 2009. http://www. sengenuity. com/tech_ref/Process%20Control%20for%20Printing%20Ink%20Applications. pdf

Friday, September 27, 2019

Toyota - Technological Environment Forum 4 Research Paper

Toyota - Technological Environment Forum 4 - Research Paper Example Toyota and its business in the Northern America based on the technology aims at fueling efficiency as far as yearly financial articulation is of concern. However, Toyota in Northern America has plenty of both hard and soft technology for one to articulate as far as domestic environment is of concern. To start with, the company has got some of the hard technologies in domestic environment which includes aircraft, security system as well as safety gear. More so, management, government regulations that oversees procedural activities of a given company and employees training are some of the core soft domestic technology as far as Toyota Company based in the Northern United States of America is taken into account. Hard and soft domestic technology is a technique for arranging innovation by its ecological and social effect. It has a few likenesses to high/low innovation dualism, despite the fact that it is not synonymous. Hard engineering by and large alludes to elevated amount innovation that would have an expansive effect on a low-innovation group as well as biological system were it to be executed. Aircraft, security system and safety gear sort of Toyota Hard domestic technologies examples are generally utilized by air Line Company. Different elements on the won domestic environmental technology executed by Toyota organization have extensive impact in characterizing how suitable an innovation is for a given circumstance. for instance, hard engineering, which frequently obliges exceedingly particular laborers, specialists and designers to construct and keep up it, might be exceptionally suitable to a circumstance in the Northern America, where the individuals utilizing it can likely pay for masters. Yet the same innovation in the underdeveloped nations is likely not suitable, as the masters needed to keep up it would be elusive, and

Thursday, September 26, 2019

Salvador Dali and his Unique Artworks Research Paper

Salvador Dali and his Unique Artworks - Research Paper Example Dali’s artistic works that carried strange expressions won a lot of publicity in the world. Dali had a characteristic personal branding in both art and appearance. The unique personal brand added to his publicity. Dali won immeasurable publicity that drew criticism. While some people acknowledged the true worth of his work in making him famous, some people thought that he over commercialized himself. However, Dali’s work deserved the credit it earned because he had real talent evident from his artistic works. The beginning of the 20th century in 1904 saw the birth of one Salvador Dali, to a well up agricultural family in Catalonia, Spain (James 23). His parents were Dali Cusi and Felipa Domenech. His birth was unique as his parents thought he was a reincarnation of their older child who had not lived beyond nine months. Dali accepted the reincarnation story at five years. In addition to their home in Catalonia, the family had a house in Cadaques where they stayed over s ummer. The stay in cadaques had great influence on Dali’s work. Dali had a close relationship with his mother but not with his politically influential father. Dali’ enrolled into school at a tender age of four at Escuela public school. Due to his inability to concentrate in school, his father sent him to a private school. However, Dali did not progress well in school. On the contrary, Dali occupied himself with reminiscences of his summer holidays. His summer holidays presented the only opportunity for him to do what he liked best. He was lucky to find an art mentor at Cadaques where they spent summer. Ramon Pichot, a close ally to the family, mentored Dali up his way to art since childhood. Pichot had links with Pablo Picasso, an influential artist of that time. In 1922, Dali joined the San Fernando academy of art, a venture that would determine his future as an artist. In the academy in Madrid, Dali got the opportunity to express himself freely. It is in the academy where Dali started out on his unique dressing style that would later earn him criticism and publicity. In addition, in the academy, he made friends with whom he walked along his career with forming partnerships with them at times. These friends included Garcia Lorca and Luis Bunuel. According to the Dali Museum Inclusive, during his time in the academy, he explored different art styles in search of his true artistic identity. He tried out cubism, futurism, and purism. He kept himself updated on these styles by reading journals. His work began to appear in galleries and soon he gained the confidence to hold solo exhibitions. He also displayed his work in multiple exhibitions. Due to his talent and increasing artistic adventure, he realized that he was not getting enough challenge from his instructors. This attitude led to his trials to criticize the academy administration. At some point, the academy could not hold him any more. After the dismissal from the academy, he embarked on pai nting back in his hometown. Dali’s works evoke varied emotions. He was too radiant in expressing themes that no longer appealed the Spaniard exhibitions. His thematic exploration at this time was mutilation and decay. Dali’s career took a different turn in 1929 because he ventured into a partnership with his friend from the academy Luis Bunuel (Ross 80). The duo created an avant-garde film that exposed violence and dead bodies. The film titled ‘An Andalusian Dog’ brought the two artists international recognition because it fetched great market. Because of the fame, Dali moved to Paris, where he became a member of the surrealists. The surrealists belonged to an art culture that believed in representing objects

School budget shortfall Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

School budget shortfall - Essay Example The numbers, specifically the percentages of each source relative to the entire fund has indeed changed through time. In the year 2009, the federal government had a contribution amounting to $340,728,694 or 49% of the entire source. It is still the major source, but is it 12% lesser than its original share. The not-for-profit source hardly grew in 2009 in terms of percentage share, posting at 16.6%. Indeed, the industry percentage has grown to 8% from 4% in 2000 and 2% in 2005. However, these changes are not significant as the government still dominates followed by not-for-profit. Indeed, the school needs support from the private sector as well and this is actually a welcomed development. This however does not in any way say that the university is becoming increasingly corporate. b. There is something ironic about the claim of increasing corporate influence. As seen in the table, the figure for the Haas School of Business is the lowest. The total amount was recorded at $203,807 or only 07% of the over-all expenditure. This means that the business department of the school actually has the least budget among the other departments. This is clearly in contrast to the claim that the university is increasingly becoming corporate. c. There is a great divide in the distribution of funds.

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

Argue a position Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Argue a position - Essay Example Even though many people have expressed their dissatisfaction with the engagement of the United States in the war against terrorism, American was right to enter the war because the benefits far much outweighs the costs of being in the war. In this terrorism age, it was prudent for America to enter in the war against terrorism in order to be in the upfront of protecting humanity as the world superpower. After the September 11 terrorist attack on the United State, there was panic all over the world and the only way to dispel the fear that terrorist under the leadership of Osama Bin Laden had planted in the heart of Americans and the entire globe, it was necessary for America to invade the boundaries of Afghanistan in search of the dangerous group (Heymann 19). The United States initiated the war against Afghanistan with the support of allies. America together with its allies in the war never aimed at retaliation following the September 11 terrorist attack on innocent civilians, but the main focus was to destroy a safe and supportive operation ground for al-Qaeda in Afghanistan. The main focus was to oust the Taliban out of power so as to dismantle and disable the al-Qaeda group that had been a nightmare in the region an d to the United States and the rest of the world. The al-Qaeda treated women and children in a brutal way aiming to subject them to a lifetime misery and abject poverty. Also, the Al Qaeda and the Taliban regime used civilians as shields while perpetuating their atrocities, which highly contravene humanity. Taliban commanders seized humanitarian aid offered to innocent civilians in the war torn region and cared little about human life (Oshunrinade 160). The al-Qaeda committed wanting humanitarian crimes and propagated drug trade to finance their acts of terrorism around the world. Was these not enough reason for a country that believes in human rights and freedom to intervene? The

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

One Dark Night Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

One Dark Night - Essay Example ught about this many a time, but he always gently explained to be that he was only this way because he cared so much about me, and wanted to make everything perfect for me. Somehow, he always managed to convince me, either by sweet-talking me or by some sort of romantic gesture. And I always fell for it. Back at the time, I believe I knew in the back of my mind I was unhappy, but I wasnt willing to admit it even to myself. My appearance and behaviour did not give me away- I was always perceived as the perfect wife who mastered everything from cooking to doing the house chores and everything else (my husband also told me I was "not too shabby" between the sheets). I was constantly being flattered about the house, the food I prepared for our friends and often to my husbands business partners, and it was not uncommon for other men to stare at me and compliment me on my looks, sometimes in inappropriate ways I sort of enjoyed. Of course, my husbands reaction would always come shortly thereafter. He would always make sure that everyone knew that Im his wife, and always did it aggressively, telling the man who flattered me to back off because I am his. This was sometimes followed by a push or a shove. This seemed very bizarre to me, since my husband was anything but violence. I dismissed it by saying to myself that he loves me so much, that he would do anything to protect me, even if Im not in danger. And I also rationalized it by saying that his manly ego wont stand it if another man came on to his wife. In that way, I thought to myself, men arent any different than they were when mankind began. The male is always the dominant one, and doesnt let other men get to close to his wife. Thats why he "marks" her as his territory and guards her well. If only I knew beforehand how right I was†¦ But my husbands behaviour did not stop there. As a part of his wanting to make everything perfect (or in other words- exactly as he wants it), he would always criticize me about

Monday, September 23, 2019

Critically evaluate theoretical explanations of motivation that we Essay - 1

Critically evaluate theoretical explanations of motivation that we have learnt about in this module week 4 lecture - Essay Example tors within an individual and the environment in ways that determine the nature of outcomes and the level of attachment between the agent and the task. Content theories are concerned with the causative agents of behavior. The humanist theory explores the subject of motivation alongside Maslow’s theory of needs. The processes of motivation, according to the theory depend on the sequential pursuit of needs in accordance with the hierarchy determined by Maslow (1970). Understanding of humanist needs must begin with the comprehension of the processes of adjustment, which takes place whenever some form of inequilibrium occurs. In general, such processes entail a determination of a range of issues that affect the state of equilibrium of needs. Essentially, groups and individuals will seek to adjust themselves and situations around them in ways that minimize the effects of stress. Motivation, in the sense of humanist theory, is understood as some kind of kinetic force the offers the necessary propulsion in an individual or a group towards the attainment of some specified goals, which are consistent with their needs (Ahlstrom & Bruton, 2009, p. 61). One of the characteristics of motivation is that it seeks the determination of goals based on the particular needs of the individual. The pursuit of motivation is considered a subject endeavor arising out of the unique needs of the individual (Miner, 2007, p. 40). For instance, an individual aspiring to attain a certain level of professional competence will invest more efforts in training and practical experience in a consistent and orderly manner. On this score, it becomes appropriate to consider the fact that some of the goals achieved through the efforts as understood within the humanist theory are suited for particular motives and limited to certain subjective interests. In essence, the humanist needs work in such a manner that individuals will seek to satisfy some pressing basic needs before focusing on other kinds of

Sunday, September 22, 2019

Book Review Template Essay Example for Free

Book Review Template Essay Summary: This can come from the book jacket or a website, but it must be concise and it must be cited. You may also choose to write your own summary; in which case you should briefly tell the reader what the story is about. Where and when does it take place? Who are the main characters? What kinds of problems they run into? My Review: Begin by explaining why you chose this book in the first place. Next, comment on the connections you discovered between the characters/people in the book and your own personal experiences (text to self), other characters or people youve read about or encountered in film or television (text to text), or people youve heard about in real life (text to world). Follow this with your opinion of the book. What did you like about it? Give an example (quote a passage) and explain why you liked this. Comment on what you did not like about the book. Give an example (quote a passage) and explain why you did not like this. (In commenting on what you did or didnt like, consider writing about how well the author: brings characters or people to life, holds your interest in terms of telling the story, or utilizes language to paint a clear and interesting picture of the characters, the setting, and the action of the story.) Important note: Do NOT give away the storys ending. Conclude with your recommendation for other readers. Do you recommend this book? Why and for whom? (Consider age, reading level, genre, and subject.) Rating: How many stars do you give this book on a scale of 1-5? Credentials: Describe your credentials as a reader. (Start by identifying your status as a student: class name and period, and school name.) Then, describe what kind of reader you are. (How often do you read? How much do you read? What kind of books or text types do you typically read for your  own purposes?)

Saturday, September 21, 2019

Examining The Concept Of Lean Synchronization Information Technology Essay

Examining The Concept Of Lean Synchronization Information Technology Essay Lean manufacturing is an approach of continuous improvement that focuses on the removal of waste resources from a process so that the goods flow to the customer at determined rate with minimum inventory. It mainly focuses on eliminating resources that does not create value for the customer. Based on Toyota Production System, Lean concentrates on preserving value with less work. Lean synchronization is the aim of achieving the flow of products and services which is able to deliver exactly what customers want, in exact quantities, exactly when needed, exactly where required at the lowest possible cost (Slack et al, 2010). This report evaluates the utility and relevance of basic Lean principles and Management and applies the same principles in contemporary business environment. Executive Summary First part of the report talks about theoretical aspect of lean. The concept of lean synchronization is explained first. After this the principles of lean and benefits of using lean are described. Subsequently barriers to lean implementation are explained. Second half of the report accounts practical application of lean in context with healthcare industry. Firstly the need to apply lean in hospitals is determined. Basic need of lean in hospitals is to: Reduce patient wait time Reduce cost and increase savings and Improve staff efficiency. Lean principles are than applied on hospital operations. Analysis discovered that time creates value to the patient. After this, value stream was assessed and waste processes were identified in the journey of patients recovery and treatment. Further to this, wastes were identified and recommendations were proposed to eliminate those wastes. Important Identified Wastes are: Extra work done for simple and easy tasks. Investigations and tests those are not required. Patient waiting for tests and surgeries. Redundancy in treating a patient. Recommendations to eliminate such wastes: Avoid the use of complex equipments that makes the processes tedious and time consuming. Perform only those tests that are required for the treatment. Equipments must be ready before a patient comes to pathology lab and operation theatre so as to avoid waste of time. Things must be done in right way in first attempt so as to avoid repetitive actions. Concept behind Lean Synchronization The term lean came into existence post World War II when there was a huge shortage of resources in Automobile sector in Japan. Toyota Company developed the concept of achieving most with optimum resources, by continuous elimination of waste. Today this concept is well known as Lean Manufacturing across the globe and is not limited to manufacturing processes. Lean applies to the whole enterprise including supply-chain, new product development process and services. The concept of lean thinking was introduced to European world in 1991 by the book written by Womack, Jones, and Roos: The Machine That Changed the World. According to Slack et al (2009), lean synchronization is concerned all about: Elimination of waste in whole process Involving all the resources and Continuously improving the process Lean approach simply calls to work smarter rather than harder with value driven sense of purpose. Organizations that follow lean thinking understand customer value and focus the processes to increase it. The ultimate aim is to create a perfect value process for the customer with zero waste. Such contemporary approach creates processes that enable companies to respond to changing customer desires with high quality, high variety, and low cost with very fast throughput times. Lean Principles The main guiding principle of lean to create right value for the customer with minimum effort is compounded of five key principles: value, value stream, flow, pull and perfection. Value: The key principle is to identify the customers view point about what creates value to the customer. Value Stream: This is to identify all the steps in value chain and to eliminate all those that do not create value to the end product. Flow: In order to make a smooth flow of the product towards customer, the value-creating steps must occur in tight sequence. Pull: Make only what is pulled by the customer and creates synchronization between demand and manufacturing process. Perfection: Once the value is identified, value stream is specified with wasted steps eliminated and flow and pull are introduced, execute the whole process again and continue until perfection is reached in which perfect value is developed without waste. 5stepslean.gif Fig.1 Benefits of Applying Lean Traditional Approach: Traditional approach assumes that each stage is separated from the other stage by placing the output in an inventory. The next stage will take the outputs from the buffer inventory and will pass them to the succeeding buffer e.g. as shown in fig.2, outputs from stage A are stored in buffer inventory which feeds the system for Stage B. In this manner each stage of the operation acts independently and picks material from buffer inventory and processes it for the subsequent buffer. These buffers insulate each stage from its neighbors and operations of one stage do not hinder the next stage. Hence if operations at stage A cease due to some reason, stage B can still continue for at least one time. The condition of insulation of each stage that seeks to promote traditional approach is indeed the learning argument of this system. Problems: Inventory remains idle. Slow throughput times since items spend more time waiting in buffer. Lack of coordination due to insulation of stages. Problem solving responsibility will be centered on people working in that very stage. C:UsersVibhorDesktopUntitled.jpg Fig.2 Lean Approach: In contrast with the traditional approach, lean approach processes and passes items directly to the next stage, eliminating the buffer inventories, hence reducing the barriers between stages. This provides the required amount of input for each stage at the required time. In this approach, problems at any stage have different impact on the process e.g. in fig.3 if stage A stops its operations, than subsequent stages will immediately notice the issue and the problem is quickly exposed to the whole system. This helps in improving the quality by providing quick feedback at each stage. C:UsersVibhorDesktopUntitled1.jpg Fig.3 In the traditional approach, if one stage stops functioning the other stage may continue to process by the available buffer resources resulting in high capacity utilization. But generally this situation would not sustain for a long period of time and the whole process will come to halt once the buffer is empty. On the other hand, in lean approach each time there is a blockage in any stage of the process, the whole process will come to halt, reducing the capacity utilization initially. Therefore where traditional approach encourages efficiency by protecting each stage from disruption, lean approach motivates the whole system to solve the problem. Fig.4 Source: Slack et al, 2010 According to Wild (2002), following are the benefits of Lean synchronization. Also evident from the above differentiation: Reduced inventories and work in progress; Less use of space; Shorter throughput times; Increased employee motivation and participation; Smoother work flows; Increased productivity; Improved quality and customer service Barriers to Lean Synchronization Lean synchronization aims at managing the operations process in such a way that it achieves exactly what customers are looking from the operation. Pure lean synchronization intends smooth, continuous flow without any sort of delay, waste and imperfection. Following are the major barriers to achieve this ideal state: Failure to eliminate waste in all parts of the operation Failure to harness the contribution of all the people involved in the operation. Failure to establish improvement as a continuous activity. Source: (Slack et al, 2010) Waste Identification and Elimination: Elimination of waste is the basic part of lean thinking and identifying the waste is the first step towards its elimination. Any activity that does not add to value is called as waste. The wastes that hinder the streamlined flow are: Wait time worker wait time and machine wait time is waste. This is usually dependant on efficiency of machinery and workers. Conveyance Change in layout can bring processes closer resulting in reduced movements. Inventory Inappropriate quantity of production According to Toyota, supplying less or more quantity than required is the greatest source of waste. Delivery Time- Early delivery is wasteful. Therefore items must be delivered Just In Time. Variability- If quality varies according to customer expectations and customer considers to be inadequately supplied than the whole process is wasteful. waste-poster.jpg Fig.5 Employee Participation: Organizations following lean philosophy must encourage its employees to participate in problem solving activity. The intention to encourage the feeling of personal responsibility and ownership within the employees is referred as respect-for-people. Some basic factors in encouraging employee involvement are: Environment Safety safety standards and environment must be followed by everyone. Flexibility employees must be given authority to take decisions and restrictive practices must be removed. Equality each employee must be treated equally. Creativity each persons creativity must be utilized to improve the processes. Total people involvement- staff must be encouraged to participate in other activities like recruitment, supply chain and customer dealing. This improves the processes and benefits the company as a whole. Continuous Improvement: Kaizen: Kaizen is a Japanese term for improvement or change for better. In terms of Masaaki Imai, Kaizen is a continuous process of improvement in which each individual of an organization is involved to achieve a state of perfection. Three guiding principles of kaizen as explained by Hill (2005) are: Process reviews review of entire process from designing stage to delivery. People participation employees insights to improve the process. Constant need for change seeking improvement and implementing changes result in achieving perfection. kaizen.JPG Fig.6 Source: Archfield Consulting Group Deming Cycle: It is also called PDCA cycle which involve a team of people who continuously find improvements in an organization. Waters (2002) defined this cycle as: Plan review of existing processes, information gathering, finding alternatives and suggesting improvement plans. Do plan in implemented and performance data is collected. Check analyzes the collected data to check if expected improvements appear or not. Act- if improvements are visible, the operation is made permanent else lessons are learnt. deming cycle.png Fig.7 Applying Lean in Healthcare Industry Applying lean in healthcare industry is similar to its application in manufacturing. Lean manufacturing reduces waste from the set of operations that takes place in producing of items. Similarly lean can reduce waste and improve the services provided to the patients in hospitals. This may also help hospitals to manage issues like financial deficits, infections, waiting queues and capacity management. Why Lean in healthcare? Alike other industries, healthcare also face problems like safety concerns, capacity and waiting queue management, low level of efficiency and lack of staff motivation. To get rid of these issues and to deliver improved and timely patient care, it is important to base hospital processes on lean synchronization. Lean implementation in hospitals can also prevent hospitals acquired infections, avoidable injuries, death and less recovery time. Traditional practice in hospitals Major time of patients and hospital staff is wasted due to multiple trips made by the patients and the staff members. Once the tests are performed, patient is called for diagnosis after few days. Treatment for the illness may or may not start on the same day. This delay in treatment may cause deterioration in patients condition. Implementation of lean in hospitals will reduce the time taken in treating the patient. According to lean process, a patient must come once and all the processes must be done on the same day e.g. tests are done and the treatment is started soon after the diagnosis from the tests. The process mentioned in the figure consumes unneeded time of patients and hospital staff and this in turn increases the overall cost and risk to life. Avoiding such unnecessary trips eases patient care and reduces the workload on doctors. Lean eliminates waste processes and increases the overall throughput in hospitals. Untitled.png Fig.8 Untitled.png Fig.9 Source: NHS Confederation Principles of lean in healthcare Value: To ensure patient satisfaction, hospitals need to analyze the patients viewpoint as depicted in fig.10. Value is the perception of a patient and can be created when right consultation, test, diagnosis, communication, treatment and after care is provided to the patient. By eliminating waste processes and utilizing resources, staff will be able to concentrate more on patient care. figure3.jpg Fig.10 Source: JWA Inc. Value Stream: Value stream is the process of identifying all the steps that creates value to the patient and eliminating those that creates no value to the patient. Usually hospitals tend to group patients on the basis of clinical similarity. However lean focuses not on similar conditions but similar processes.Fig.11 shows various steps and processes taken to discharge a patient. Untitled.png Fig.11 Source: Flinders Medical Centre In a hospital a value stream is the end-to-end process of caring for a group of patients whose overall care process have enough in common for them to be managed together, irrespective of clinical diagnosis (David Ben-Tovim, 2006). Following are the steps that may not create any value to the patient and should be eliminated: Patients visit to hospital on different days for different tests. Time wasted when patient waits to be seen by the doctor. Unnecessary step of nurse checking the patient. Time wasted in collecting medical equipments and information. Repetition of processes such as diagnostic tests and paperwork. Time consumed in searching medical history of patients. Performing tests that are not required. Fig.12 The factors stated above signify that time is the most valued element for the patient as well as for the hospital staff. To eliminate this waste of time, we first need to identify the cause of this waste. Fig.13 shows the causes that increase the waste in waiting time. Cause and Effect 3.jpg Fig.13 Waste Identification: Waste is anything that does not create value to the patient. Inventory: Holding excess material to avoid unreliable supply is referred as inventory waste in hospitals. Eliminating such waste can reduce cost and time of both the patient as well as the hospitals. Extra Processing: Use of complex equipments to conduct simple tests makes processes large and inflexible and may cause stress to the staff. Overproduction: Unnecessary tests and investigations are referred as overproduction in healthcare industry. These tests must be avoided to save time and cost. Waiting: This is the patient wait time that created due to process or material waiting e.g. patients waiting for test or surgery due to equipment readiness. Transportation: Movement of patients and materials are considered as waste but these cannot be eliminated completely. Processes must be arranged in a manner that steps become sequential and easy to identify. Defects: Defects increase the processes and are caused due to wrong medication or infections. Doing things in a right way will reduce redundancy as well as defects in a process. Movement: Hospital layout must be in a way that it minimizes the repetition of movements by staff and patients e.g. in operation theatres, all equipments must be in reach of the operation table so as to ease the surgeon while doing surgery. Mapping Value Stream: The challenge in value stream is to map exactly the things that actually occur at each stage of patients journey towards recovery, as depicted in fig.14. Lean redesigns this flow to enable seamless movement of patients to the next step without unnecessary work or wait. Fig.14 Fig.15 shows an example of process mapping where it just takes one step on the process of tests and lists each step of work that is currently performed. Amount of time, distance covered and required amount of materials can be added to each such step. It is evident that huge amount of work is being done without creating any value. Involvement of staff during waste identification is usually advised so that the effect of one persons actions is visible to all. Fig.15 Flow: Flow is the process where every patient is worked with single unit at a time and passed to the next step without any delay. Following are few processes that can be redesigned in order to implement lean operations: Concurrent medical problems complicate patient care of an elderly patient who got fractured. Treatment is affected because specialists fail to communicate and coordinate with each other. This problem can be resolved by creating another department called Trauma Unit which creates a single team having all kind of specialists. A standard hand off process between each member will make it possible to identify and address treatment issues regardless of who is on duty. In hospitals, usually same type of operations is conducted on one day and another type of operations on other day. To increase flow through surgeries, it is suggested that few operations of each type should be performed each day. This will reduce waiting time for patients as well as burden on wards. In outpatient department, patients are usually called in the morning at same time say 9a.m. and it is highly likely that not all of them will be treated at the same time and some have to wait till noon. Hence patients must be called according to priority and severity of the problem. Samples are held back in pathology to process them in batches. This leads to increase in wait time for patients. Samples must be tested soon they arrive to the lab. Pull: To create value to the customer, services should be provided in line with the demand. If the demand is for 100 admissions a day, it implies that 100 patients must be discharged on that day to accommodate the demand. To achieve this demand in hospitals all the key processes and interfaces between them must be redesigned. The time required to spend on each activity to achieve output in line with demand is called as Takt Time. It is the time that identifies the speed with which work and materials flow within different departments. In pull system, each patient is treated as one unit at a time and passed to the next level without as soon as it is ready. Fig.16 shows a pull system where each stage of the process pulls the patient towards it. Untitled.png Fig.16 Source: NHS Confederation Perfection: After eliminating all the waste processes without compromising the quality of service, the whole operations process is repeated until perfection is achieved. To achieve perfection in hospitals, following aspects must be taken care of: After Lean Implementation Patient first Wait time unaccepted Reduced errors Existing resources Reduce waste Problems visible to all End to end process Before Lean Service provider first Wait time Errors New resources Reduce cost Problems not visible Functional management Perfection Fig.17 Perfection is achieved by continuous improvement of the operations process. It is therefore necessary to that all the staff members and the hospital management must commit to seek perfection at their level. By creating standard, visible and clear processes, we can develop the foundation of uninterrupted improvement, where every new improvement becomes a landmark or platform for future processes. Advantages of Lean in Hospitals: It is observed that implementation of lean in hospitals have increased efficiency from 15 to 20 percent with safer and improved services using the existing infrastructure, technology and staff. Hospitals across the globe, which have adopted lean philosophy, have benefited from its implementation. According to David Ben-Tovim of Flinders Medical Centre, Australia, the hospital was struggling to survive and was on the verge of meltdown. But after applying lean in their operations process, they managed to earn more profits and decreased the costs. Some important advantages of lean are: Reduction of wait time for patients. Reduced cost and increased savings. Reduction in physical floor space by 30%. Productivity increases from 75% to up to 125% in some cases. Good customer relations. Staff motivation and reduced stress levels. Untitled.png Fig.18 Conclusion The aim of this research was to understand the lean philosophy and to apply lean principles in healthcare industry. It is evident from the study that lean philosophy brings positive results. It improves safety, quality and morale of the staff along with reducing time and costs in the operations process. Lean when enforced in hospital operations can add value to patient care and improve efficiency. Lean principles are generic and can be applied anywhere. If lean principles are applied at each stage of the operations process than huge amount of time can be saved. These principles challenge the whole idea of batching, triage, economies of scale and de-skilling. Results of lean implementation are potentially significant. Lean acts as antidote to traditional approach of performance management. Its emphasis is to put the whole system in a valuable stream. Leans focus is to improve effort on things that weigh importance to patients and hospital staff. It opposes the external benchmarks whic h tend to express the things that are indirectly related to improve patient care. It is also evident from the data that hospitals that have adopted lean in their operations have improved in terms of patient care, costs and time. Hence it can be concluded that implementing lean in any industry will prove to be the best bet.

Friday, September 20, 2019

The Manhattan Transcripts by Bernard Tschumi

The Manhattan Transcripts by Bernard Tschumi The Manhattan Transcripts proposed to show an architectural understanding of reality. Each point Tschumi aims to get across, is made through a series of three square panels, where photographs direct the action, plans, sections, etc. reveal the architectural construct, and diagrams indicate the movements of the main characters. The Transcripts are first and foremost a device with their explicit purpose being to transcribe things normally removed from conventional architectural representation, namely the complex relationship between spaces and their use; between the set and the script; between type and program; between objects and events. Their implicit purpose has to do with the twentieth-century city. The Transcripts try to offer a different reading of architecture in which space, movement, and events are separate, but standing in a new relationship with one another. This is meant to break down and rebuild the standard components of architecture along different axes. Tschumi takes th e Manhattan Transcripts program to formulate a plot based around a murder. MT 1 (Manhattan Transcripts 1) The Park is the first episode composed of twenty four sheets illustrating the drawn and photographed notation of a murder. The formula plot of the murder the lone figure stalking its victim, the murder, the hunt, the search for clues building up to the murderers capture. While the origin of MT 1 is in New Yorks Central Park, MT 2 The Street (Border Crossing) is based on 42nd street, from the Hudson to the East River. There are over a dozen different experiences along 42nd street by MT 2 does not represent these worlds, but the borders that describe them. Each border becomes a space with the events that it contains, with the movements that transgress it. In MT 3 The Tower (The Fall): This program proposes to highlight the fall of someone inside a common denominator like a home, office, prison, hotel or asylum. The set of drawings portrays someones flight and the preceding fall through the full height of a Manhattan tower block, its cells and its yards. The drastic change of perceptions caused by the fall is used to explore different spatial transformations and their typological distortions. In MT 4 The Block describes five inner courtyards of a simple city block witness contradictory events and programmatic impossibilities: acrobats, ice-skaters, dancers, soldiers, and football players all congregate and perform high-wire acts, games, or even the re-enactment of famous battles, in a context usually alien to their activity. Disjunctions between movements, programs, and spaces inevitably follow as each pursues a distinct logic, while their confrontations produce the most unlikely combinations. The Transcripts present three disjoined levels of reality at the same time: (i) The world of objects, composed of buildings abstracted from maps, plans, photographs; (ii) The world of movements, which can be abstracted from choreography, sport, or other movement diagrams; and (iii) The world of events, which is abstracted from news photographs. At first, the importance of each level depends only on how each is interpreted by the viewer, since each level can always be seen against the background of another. It appears to be the Transcripts argument that only the striking relationship between the three levels makes for the architectural experience. So entangled are these levels with one another that at any moment they are perfectly interchangeable. Making the Transcripts never attempt to rise above contradictions between object, man and event in order to bring them to a new synthesis; but instead, they aim to maintain these contradictions in a dynamic manner. Tschumi states, In their i ndividual state, objects, movement, events are simply discontinuous. Only when they unite do they establish an instant of continuity. Such disjunction implies a dynamic conception posed against a static definition of architecture, an excessive movement that brings architecture to its limits. Tschumis purpose of the tripartite mode of notation (events, movements, spaces) was to introduce the order of experience and the order of time (moments, intervals, sequences) for all inevitably intervene in the reading of the city. It is also seen as a need to question the modes of representation generally used by architects: plans, sections, axonometrics and perspectives. The insertion of movement into the overall architectural scheme meant that Tschumi had to breaking down some of the traditional components of architecture which permitted the independent manipulation of each new part according to narrative or formal considerations. For example, the plans of the Park, the section of the Street, the axonometrics of the Tower, the perspectives of the Block all follow (and sometimes question) the internal logic of their modes of representation. The compositional implications of an axonometric (an abstract projection according to the rules of descriptive geometry) are, as a result, widely different from those of a perspective with a single vanishing point. A particular case is explored in the forth episode of the Transcripts. As opposed to the plans, maps, or axonometrics used in the early episodes, the perspectiv al description of buildings is concomitant with their photographic record; the photograph acts as the origin of the architectural image. The perspective image is no longer a mode of three dimensional drawing, but the direct extension of the photographic mode of perception. The same applies to the movement notation. An extension from the drawn conventions of choreography, it attempts to eliminate the preconceived meanings given to particular actions so as to concentrate on their spatial effects: the movement of bodies in space. The early MTs introduce the idea of movement in general by freely improvising movement patterns, from the fugitives to the street-fighters. The last MT analyzes highly formalised movement diagrams of dancers, football players, skaters, army tacticians and acrobats. Rather than merely indicating directional arrows on neutral surface, the logic of movement notation ultimately suggests real corridors of space, as if the dancer had been carving space out of pliabl e substance; or the reverse, shaping continuous volumes , as if a whole movement had been literally solidified, frozen into a permanent and massive vector. Each event with in the Transcripts is represented by a photo, in an attempt to get to get the viewer closer to an objectivity which is often missing from architectural programs. Tschumi describes the Manhattan Transcripts as not an accumulation of events; they display a particular organisation. Their chief characteristic is the sequence, a composite succession of frames that confronts spaces, movement, and events, each with its own structure and inherent set of rules. The narratives implied by these composite sequences may be linear, deconstructed, or dissociated. MT 1 is linear, while MT 2 only appears to be so; MT 3 depicts two unrelated moments, while MT 4 exhausts the narrative, meaning it deconstructs programs in the same way that it deconstructs forms and movements. The Transcripts share a similarity to films. Both share a frame by frame technique, spaces are not only composed, but it is also developed from shot to shot so that the final meaning of each shot depends on its context. The relationship of one frame to the next is indispensable insofar as no analysis of any one frame can accurately reveal how the space was handled altogether. The Transcript s are thus not self-contained images. They establish a memory of the preceding frame, of the course of events. Their final meaning is cumulative; it does not depend merely on a single frame (such as a facade), but on succession of frames or spaces. In any case, the Transcripts always display at least two conflicting fields: first, the framing device square, healthy, conformist, normal and predictable, regular and comforting, correct. Second, the framed material, a place that only questions, distorts, compresses, displaces. Both are necessary. Neither is inherently special; neither communicates by itself. It is the play between them that does their distance and its occasional transgression, when the frame itself becomes the object of distortions. The frame permits the extreme formal manipulation of the sequence, for the content or congenial frames can be mixed up, superposed, faded in, cut up, giving endless possibilities to the narrative sequence. The last Transcript eliminates al l that is inessential to the architecture of the city. Spaces, movements, events are contracted into only fragments absolutely necessary to outline the overall structure. Since each frame is isolated from the next, architecture can begin to act as a series of surprises, a form of architectural jump-cut, where space is carefully broken apart and then reassembled at the limits. Tschumi records his classification of a number of words; two of them stand out, while researching the Manhattan Transcripts: Event: an incident, an occurrence; a particular item in a programme. Events can encompass particular uses, singular functions or isolated activities. They include moments of passion, acts of love and the instant of death. Events have an independent existence. Rarely are they purely the consequence of their surroundings. In literature, they belong to the category of the narrative (as opposed to the descriptive). Movement: the action or process of moving (In a poem or narrative: progress or incidents, development of a plot). Also: the inevitable intrusion of bodies into the controlled order of architecture. Entering a building: an act that violates the balance of a precisely ordered geometry (do architectural photographs ever include runners, fighters, lovers?); bodies that carve unexpected spaces through their fluid or erratic motions. Architecture, then, is only an organism passively engaged in constant intercourse with users, whose bodies rush against the carefully established rules of architectural thought. In the early days of developing and drawing The Manhattan Transcripts, Tschumi arrived at the tripartite notation of space, event, and movement and literally introduced the idea of movement as a separate term in the equation. Tschumis first assumption was that architecture begins with movement. For example, one enters a building, one passes through it, one climbs stairs, one goes from one space to another, and that network of routes being what really forms architecture. Even through architecture can be made of static spaces, the interaction between the static and the dynamic is what really constitutes it. This allowed Tschumi to take the argument to the next level and introduce and advance the notion of program, and then at a later stage to develop it more precisely. Traditional means of architectural representation (plans, sections, perspectives, axonometrics) have a number of limitations. Tschumi believed the idea of the event which evolved out of his theoretical work couldnt be re presented through these means. But it had been extensively documented in other disciplines such as dance, certain sports, and film theory, as well as in the work of a number of performance artists. Artist like Dan Graham, Bruce Nauman and Bruce McLean, all show an extensive representation of events and movement within their work. In the 1970s, Dan Graham worked with performance, film and video to explore changes in individual and group consciousness and the limits of private and public space. His video surveillance Time Delay and Present and continuous Past(s) installations create an event space that transforms the audience into part of the performance while also allowing interaction with the performer. The film Body Press show two filmmakers standing within a completely mirrored surrounding, without moving their bodies, hands holding and pressing a cameras back-end flush to, while slowly rotating it about, the surface cylinder of their individual bodies. One rotation goes around the bodys contour, spiralling slightly upwards with the next turn. This continues up and down the body and then the camera is exchanged and the process repeated. The cameras film the image reflected on the mirror, the body of the performer and possibly his eyes on the mirror. This movement of the camera tries to act or be seen as an extension of the bodys identity. The events created through the experience of his work are further highlighted through his built forms. The architecture of Dan Grahams own pavilions acknowledges the fantasy of the significance of the viewer in a space in culture. His structures are precisely designed for specific situations. People entering or observing them are able to look at these situations and their place within them. Any change in the lighting provokes a change in the relative reflectivity or transparency of the pavilions two-way mirror glass, putting the relationships between people and their surroundings into constant flux. People look at nature, at themselves superimposed on it, at others looking at them, at others looking at others looking at them: an endless equivalence directed at the possibility of acute social (self) consciousness In the 1970s, Bruce McLean changed the medium of his natural mode of expressive performance, from art, to live performance and pose. On his return to painting, the experience played a big role is his later work. He made a series of large works on paper inspired by some magazine photographs of Chinese acrobats. These were extremely simple and direct but where the first to exploit the possibilities of emblematic colour in relation to political symbolism. The acrobats of politics were depicted as engaged in their self-absorbed feats in arenas of performance suspiciously uncomplicated, against backgrounds that signified, in the way that flags do, certainties of value and allegiance; such certainties came in different colours. Even though simple these paintings expressed movement across a plane and the idea of event, a space where this movement is being enjoyed. Among many which represent some form of event and movement, McLeans Ambre Solaire painting highlights how well this medium captu res the movement and activity. Presented on a black background with neon orange figures and brushed bodies in bronze, the light green and white that represent the splash, perfectly brings it to life. It feels bright and inviting. The Transcripts represent a collects of drawings which proposed a new way of architectural interpretations. These try to also propose new ways to present movement and event. The Transcript achieves this is some areas, the event is only clearly represented within the photographs but fail to be clear within the drawings. Some photos also dont give a clear idea of the scene proposed. Where as representation of movement and event highlighted by the artist Dan Graham and Bruce McLean show with little interpretation what the main goal they are trying to present. The Manhattan Transcripts do portray is interesting and unique way for looking at a set of drawings with a very interesting program to follow which is hard to tie together but enjoyable to research.

Thursday, September 19, 2019

Canadian Standard of Living :: social issues

Canadian Standard of Living Since the day Canada was created the standards of living have been constantly changing. There have been ups and downs in Canadian Standard of Living, but in my opinion, the system we have today is nearly perfect. Although I believe that no one will ever create a perfect system, mainly because of the differences in opinions. Not a single country in the world has the standard of living that in my opinions is ideal. We can look at other countries such as: Russia, Holland, or China. Although these countries have better standards of living then Canadians in some areas like: education, clothing, health system, etc. Each of them has disadvantages like: Russia has poor economy, Holland has high taxes, and China is overpopulated. I believe that current Canadian Standard of living creates a line higher then medium in the World Standard of Living. To create an ideal, and maybe perfect, Canadian Standard of Living, I wish to compose an outline that I believe will take Canadian Standard of Living to the next level. The Standard of Living basically consists of six basic areas: Education, health, housing, food and nutrition, clothing, and rights. I would like to discuss all of these issues separately because that all of them are very ingredients of the creation of the great Canadian Standard of Living. First on my list is education. This factor, in my opinion, is one of the most important ones. I believe that the access to education should be unlimited. I think that you should be able to study as long as you want, and the issues such as money, equipment and facilities shouldn’t stand in your way, but that raises other issues. If we have all geniuses, that will ruin the balance of the whole system. So I think that the best way is to limit and set High school diploma as a standard. Today’s Canadian Health System is not prefect. I believe that Health care is an issue that should be taken care of as soon as possible, because today’s constant budget cuts won’t do any good to anyone. I believe that we all should pay the same fee that will cover any time of injury or operation. It’s don’t think that it all should be about the money; after all we are saving people’s lives. I mean if you have a liver cancer and you simply don’t have money to pay for the surgery, I don’t think that money should that as an issue between life and death.

Wednesday, September 18, 2019

Young Goodman Brown by Nathaniel Hawthorne :: Young Goodman Brown YGB

Young Goodman Brown by Nathaniel Hawthorne "Young Goodman Brown", by Nathaniel Hawthorne, is a story that is thick with allegory. "Young Goodman Brown" is a moral story, which is told through the perversion of a religious leader. In "Young Goodman Brown", Goodman Brown is a Puritan minister who lets his excessive pride in himself interfere with his relations with the community after he meets with the devil, and causes him to live the life of an exile in his own community. "Young Goodman Brown" begins when Faith, Brown's wife, asks him not to go on an "errand". Goodman Brown says to his "love and (my) Faith" that "this one night I must tarry away from thee." When he says his "love" and his "Faith", he is talking to his wife, but he is also talking to his "faith" to God. He is venturing into the woods to meet with the Devil, and by doing so, he leaves his unquestionable faith in God with his wife. He resolves that he will "cling to her skirts and follow her to Heaven." This is an example of the excessive pride because he feels that he can sin and meet with the Devil because of this promise that he made to himself. There is a tremendous irony to this promise because when Goodman Brown comes back at dawn; he can no longer look at his wife with the same faith he had before. When Goodman Brown finally meets with the Devil, he declares that the reason he was late was because "Faith kept me back awhile." This statement has a double meaning because his wife physically prevented him from being on time for his meeting with the devil, but his faith to God psychologically delayed his meeting with the devil. The Devil had with him a staff that "bore the likeness of a great black snake". The staff which looked like a snake is a reference to the snake in the story of Adam and Eve. The snake led Adam and Eve to their destruction by leading them to the Tree of Knowledge. The Adam and Eve story is similar to Goodman Brown in that they are both seeking unfathomable amounts of knowledge. Once Adam and Eve ate from the Tree of Knowledge they were expelled from their paradise. The Devil's staff eventually leads Goodman Brown to the Devil's ceremony which destroys Goodman Brown's faith in his fellow man, therefore expelling him from his utopia. Goodman Brown almost immediately declares that he kept his meeting with the Devil and no longer wishes to continue on his errand with the Devil. He says that he comes from a "race of honest men and good

Tuesday, September 17, 2019

A factual programme for television Essay

A factual programme for television is a programme that use facts, not opinions, as a basis for making decisions, it also documents actual events and people. This term has been in programmes such as documentaries, observational documentary, fly on the wall, docudrama, and reality television. Factual programming takes up a large percentage of terrestrial and digital airtime in the United Kingdom. It could easily be considered the largest of the genres, and it has many sub-genres that make up for a popular airtime filler. One of the most influential sub-genres in factual programming would be considered to be the News, which captures a large and varied target audience and holds all â€Å"mealtime† slots for each day. As so, there are many issues regarding factual programmes for television, like accuracy, often audiences watch factual televison with a critical eye, judging the degree of factuality in each reality format, based on their experience of other types of factual programming, also audiences watch certain programs on a regular basis at least the most common ones, like documentaries and news and the way audiences react, for example to the documentary fakery is such that they become distrustful of the truth of what they were seeing in observational documentaries. Which point to the fact that audiences value accuracy of imformation and truthfulness in news, current affairs and documentary more than in popular factual programmes. The balance between information and entertainment in popular factual television is also important, audiences consider reality shows to be entartainment rather than informative, when viewers discuss informative elements in traditional reality programmes, discussion centers on the deplyment of knowledge, such as pratical tips for viewers. For example, programmes about consumer issues, or health are thought to be informative because viewers can relate to them, and store information, or ideas, for later use. These reality formats provide pratical and social learning opportunities within an entertainement frame. When viewers discuss informative elements in contemporary reality programmes, discussion centers on the idea of learning rather than learning itself. These reality formats do not provide clear pratical or social learning opportunities, and instead foreground entertainement, so is very important the balance between imformation and entertainment. Another issue relating to factual programming is the impartility of it, a factual programme dealing with controversial public policy or matters of political, economic or social controversy like for example the news, needs to be impartial, if to the presenter of the news is given the chance to air their views, opinions and to criticize, this might not only be considered undesirable but even dangerous, so a proper presenter most show open-mindedness, fairness and a respect for the truth. He must not allow his professional judgement to be influenced by pressures from political, commercial or other sectional interests or by his personal bias. Another issue regarding factual programmes is to ensure proper objectivity, nowhere is this distortion more apparent than in the debate about drugs and cannabis in particular. On December 2007 BBC Radio 4 broadcast a series of two investigative â€Å"factual† reports titled â€Å"The Cannabis Trade† which recieved a complaint, but the complaint was not that the programme should have presented the case for legalisation, that was made utterly clear, simply that the reason for the growth in organised crime is well understood as being a result of the prohibition regime and that by not drawing attention to this essential fact the programme presented a distorted view of the true situation. It is thus easy to misrepresent â€Å"the truth† not by telling a lie, but by not telling all of the story. The program presented their own biased viewpoints without any checks or balances or a duty to be truly objective, not ensuring objectivity it caused this problem. Also there is the problem with privacy in factual programmes, If a source does not want you to share something to do with them on a programme you have to respect and not put it up there. You need to respect their privacy and let them to be confident in the show. But there are other kind of programs such as Big brother that use surveillance camera to watch the daily live and explore their privacy, but this kind of programmes already have the consent of the people being exposed.

Monday, September 16, 2019

A Brief History of Turkish Cinema

The Turkish cinema traced its beginnings from a private show in Paris on December 22, 1895 at the Grand Cafà © by French brothers, Louis and Auguste Lumiere.   Similar such shows came to Turkey at the Sultan’s Court, Yildz Palace and other public ones like that of Sigmund Weinberg at the Sponeck’s Beerhouse in Galatasaray’s Square.In 1914, â€Å"The Destruction of the Russian Monument at Avastefonas† is acknowledged to be the first ever Turkish film.   This was a 150 meter long documentary by Fuat Uzkinav, an army officer.The film â€Å"The Marriage of Master Himmet† was began in 1914 but took long to finish because the actors served in the war of the Dardanelles.   It was finally completed in 1918, when Uzkinav took over from Weinberg, who first worked on the project.   Several other films, mostly on World War I were shot.   In 1922 the first film company was formed.   Muhsin Ertugrul, a theater artist switched to film direction.He mad e a total of 30 films in the entire stretch of his cinematic career.   His important works included the 1923 â€Å"Shirt of Fire† which was about the war for independence, starred by the first female artist, the 1931 â€Å"The Streets in Istanbul, the first film to use a soundtrack, and â€Å"A Nation Awakes† in 1932.The influence of theater can be seen in his films.   Muhsin became a very important figure of the cinema industry.   In the 1950s cinema took its own form.   Lutfu Akad led the pack of new directors.   The theme of   most films of the era was societal problems.   In the 1960s the advent of television had disadvantageous effects on cinema.   Cinematic films during the period dealt with the social and economic themes.  Ã‚   In the 1980s the state supported the cinema industry.   Turkish films earned international recognition.   These films were on social and psychological subjects as well as women’s rights.   The films in the 1990s were fewer but they were of superior quality than before due to advances in technology, training available, international awards and state support.   Theaters and big cinemas emerge, visual aspects were given focus, and outdoor theaters grew.For a while television and videos took the attention away from cinemas, but foreign films from Europe and the US substituted for the lack of local films.   The current status of Turkish cinema strikes a balance with the state’s support of the European Cinema Union and Turkish partnerships with foreign ventures. There is also a noted growth in the number of movie theaters as well as in the positive developments and changes in theater as well.BibliographyTurkish Cinema History.   (2005).   Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism [Internet] Available from http://www.kutur.gov.tr/EN/BelgeGostner.aspx [Accessed 17 November 2008]   

Sunday, September 15, 2019

Gender Inequality Essay

In the 21st century women are more educated and powerful than they have ever been. They are integrated into every work sector, from labour intensive jobs, middle class jobs up to the highest professional engineering, medical, legal and political positions. However, there still remain high gender inequalities within the workplace, which will be covered in this report through several articles and studies in respects to top management positions and payments imbalance. As gender inequality is not a specific event rather a continuously forming process from the beginning of the humanity until present day, and beyond that. To understand the current state of affairs we have to firstly talk about the processes which have occurred during the past. Historic context: Several studies talk about the division of labour between men and women already in the prehistory. All the evidence shows that from the very beginning, women had the simpler and easier jobs, which was manifested in fruits, eggs and berry gathering, while men had the more dangerous and intensive duties such as hunting and fishing. The subordinate role of women had already appeared in that time. According to anthropologists, the nomadic lifestyle continues as hordes’ communities, women had the role of carrying the pickings, while men were waiting for any attacks from outside the community. As women were not able to protect themselves while carrying the foods, men became the protectors of the community. Although there were some warrior women, who were called â€Å"amazons†, they still are physically weaker. As race preservation is a function of women, when they became pregnant they were not able to support both the community and their duties together, within the hordes eyes, they were considered of no significant importance and the infants and young children worsened this situation. They had to be supported (fed, protected) which slowed down the community, but in the same time until a certain age the horde had no important role for them. However the prehistoric humans had no knowledge about the biology of insemination, therefore they considered the pregnancy as a magical wonder. This is evidenced by the first artworks, for example the female statues which they highlighted the body parts referring to fertility, of which the best known is the Venus of Willendorf. Nevertheless after time they have realised that, the participation of men is also necessary to fertilization and women lost the surrounding admiration, therefore they became even more subordinated. Later in history, several communities with the emergence of the ancient slavery society and monogamy had become widespread. All the men could have only one wife yet posses several bond slaves. Women could have sexual relationship, only with their husbands. If they breached this rule it had serious consequences. Men regarded not only their slave women as their property, but also the female members of the family, over whom men controlled absolute power. In the early feudalism era, the Church had said women cannot be equal to men, as God created Adam first from his own image and only after this created Eve from the ‘rest of the materials’. Women have been created for men, and not inversely. Further more women have to consider their husbands as God. In the middle Ages children had been socially educated to respect their fathers more than their mothers. The male children, from a certain age received adult rights, to treat their mothers and sisters in the same manner as their fathers. They thought women had to been given constraints and rules, as Eve was who anathematized the humanity, so women had to be chastised for it. Men had to penalize women as a duty, even if it was associated with pain. The only rule which was accepted was that the woman could not die. In the 17th century in America, woman took taking care of their families an important responsibility. Women and men were working together on their agricultural lands. While they catered their families, they also worked on markets, where they could sell the remaining crops or some weaved clothes, thus they earned some respect. Women and men have shared not only the jobs, but also the wages. In the 18th century, as the economy has shifted from the agriculture to the industrial economy the world of home and work had got totally separated. Women were forced back to their homes and lost all their social respect. With the occurrence of industrialization, the role of women focused on the duties around the house, or they became industrial workers, for much smaller salary though, as women were treated as inferiority. The most terrible situation was in the lead industry. They have not used protective equipment; therefore lead poisoning was a very frequent workers disease. Women were afflicted by death, poisoning, paralysis; their children were still-born many times. At the beginning of the 19th century women were ignominiously exploited. Their wages were not enough even for their basic needs. A survey in 1889-93 shows that in France a workwoman received half of that wage, what a workman received for the same work hours. In 1918 women’s salary is half of the men’s in America. The women’s wages rose between 1911 and 1945, although they were less than men’s wages. At the beginning of capitalism, new work opportunities appeared. Women occupied the agriculture, the industry, the trading, the banks, the insurance companies, the offices and the freelance positions. This process accelerated the unemployment during the 1st and 2nd world war, worldwide. Emancipation in the UK: The sequences of events are roughly the same in many western countries. In some enlightened states (e. g. New-Zealand, Australia, Finland and Norway) women received franchises before the 1st world war. In other countries, struggles have started, but nowhere were as dramatic as in England. In 1903 Emmeline Pankhurst got to the edge of the movement fighting for women’s right to vote. These suffrages interrupted political meetings, chained themselves to fences and were sent to prison as they were not willing to pay any financial penalty. When the 1st world war broke out, most of the suffrages suspended the fights, and the women who filled in the jobs (instead of the fighting men) coped successfully. This allowed women voting rights from the government, by destroying the stigma surrounding women’s inequality instead of facing the movement again. After the war the US and several European countries undertook similar reforms. Another movement inspired from the UK was created called â€Å"Woman’s Lib for life† created in the US back in 1960s which spread through Europe. This ideology was called â€Å"feminism†. Feminism talks about gender equality, but also about sexual abuse, rape and abortion. Feminists succeeded to reach equal opportunities in political, legal, demographical, educational and employment rights. Nevertheless the practical applications of the laws often meet difficulties, even if their enforcements create special executive and examiner bodies. In many parts of the world, women’s most elementary rights are still missing, in many societies they cannot even choose their spouse. In present days, in the most enlightened countries such as the UK, the distance between females and males in employment decreased significantly, but still women face forms of discrimination. Present: In our days, more and more women take part in higher education. After graduation they try to find a job, build their career what they have to interrupt as their biological clocks are ticking and near their career plans they don’t want to give up building a family. During their pregnancy normally they become less capable to cater their work in full-time. After their pregnancy they have the right to take a maternity leave with the thought of they can return to their job without any discrimination. However, this is not so simple. In the 21st century as in most of the tolerant countries, as in the UK the unequal and inequitable treatment of employees on the basis of gender i. e. sex discrimination in workplace is illegal. If it can be proved by the employee, the employer could probably face a serious penalty. Discrimination can be classified in two ways. One of them is based on suffered disadvantage e. g. nequal payment, discrimination because of pregnancy or maternity leave, inequality in the scale of employment and different treatment and progress opportunities within workplace. Direct and indirect discrimination: The other classification group divides discrimination according to insulted party as an individual (direct), or a specific target group (indirect). Direct discrimination is â€Å"where an employee or prospective employee is less favourably treated because of their race, sex, marital status (including civil partnerships), religion, sexual orientation, gender reassignment, age, disability, pregnancy or maternity† (CompactLaw, 1996-2013). As it revealed from the most recent article from the Guardian about sexual discrimination â€Å"women are suffering escalating levels of illegal discrimination at work when they get pregnant, and are often made redundant while they are on maternity leave, according to a new poll. The figures show one in seven of the women surveyed had lost their job while on maternity leave; 40% said their jobs had changed by the time they returned, with half reporting a cut in hours or demotion. More than a tenth had been replaced in their jobs by the person who had covered their maternity leave† (Tracey McVeigh, 2013). Indirect discrimination is often less obvious. Sometimes, a policy, rule or practice seems fair because it applies to everyone equally, but a closer look shows that some people are being treated unfairly. This is because some people or groups of people are unable or less able to comply with the rule or are disadvantaged because of it. If this policy or practice is ‘not r easonable’, it may be indirect discrimination† (Anti-Discrimination Commission Queensland 2007) One of the most famous indirect cases associated with one of the largest companies in the US being the Wal-Mart Stores. Wal-Mart had a case which started in 2000, when Betty Dukes, a Wal-Mart worker from California, claimed sex discrimination because of gender discrimination in pay and promotion policies and practices. During the negotiations almost 2000 women joined Betty, representing about 1. 5M women. On 20th of June, 2011, the Supreme Court finally closed the negotiations in Wal-Mart’s favour, as the unequal treatment was not clearly proved. On the other side employers and managers have to be very guarded and deliberate to avoid discrimination and promote equality. There are several details which have to be kept in the front view of management.

Saturday, September 14, 2019

Policeman Essay

When we see the police in our neighborhoods, we are secured in the knowledge that we are in safe hands. The police evoke a sense of being safe when they are around knowing that they have the capacity to enforce the law and keep criminal elements at bay. We can take our children to the park and watch them play, secure in the presence of neighborhood beat police patrolling the streets. It is a safe place with the police around. But are they always welcome? Ever since the fall of the other world superpower, the Soviet Union, the United States has been the sole keeper of that title (Weiner). Historians predicted that soon, democracy and freedom will be the norm around the world (Weiner). But some say that the United States has been remiss in its duties as the global law enforcer (Weiner). Thus, the question is posed, should the world expect the United States to start policing the global â€Å"neighborhood† (Weiner)? The question better posed would be is, can the United States be capable of being the policeman (Utley)? Many Neo-conservatives in the Republican party give a glimpse of the infirmities that are inherent to the desire of some to see the United States patrolling the world’s hotspots (Utley). The United States, being the only legitimate superpower left, is incapable of launching any sort of campaign that will make it an empire, or at least, make a significant impact in enforcing the law in other parts of the world (Utley). This is the argument of right-wing â€Å"isolationists† being criticized by the left-wing of the party in dissuading the United States from making an attempt in launching an imperialist wave (Utley). For any imperialist wave to succeed, the power in government must be one that has a strong centralist orientation, as was the case of Great Britain and the old Roman empire (Utley). In Britain’s case, the center of that power lay in the hand of some of the elites in the society, give or take a few votes from the populace (Utley). This elite mainly consisted of those who owned tracts of land and a fraction of the population (Utley). In Rome, the Roman Senate dictated foreign policy in the state (Utley). But in the case of the United States, the practice is quite the opposite. The Constitution is very clear in the tenet of preservation of freedom, not curtailing it (Utley). This fundamental framework of the prservation of freedom is enshrined in the Bill of Rights of the Constitution (Utley). In the American scheme of things, the strength of the political structure is not in concentration, but in dispersal of that power (Utley). This is done to curtail any initiative in undertaking foreign military adventurism (Utley). The history of the United States foreign policy manoeuverings has also been riddled with being inclined to serve the interests of certain sectors, especially businesses (Utley). There were times that â€Å"Big Business† was the preeminent factor in determining American foreign policy (Utley). This premise has given way to local pressure organizations and television coverage of foreign incidents (Utley). In understanding the central role of television, it must be construed that televsison selects the unwilling â€Å"sitting duck† (Utley). As the news groups broadcast, this is picked up by the authorities, causing a stir of American support and good will to be poured out on the place or region (Utley). Unfortunately, this upheaval of support will often cause more hardship and havoc (Utley). It is here that the United States, finding things in disarray, tends to reach out and aids the country or region find a semblance of balance (Utley). Examples are not hard to find for the case at hand. In the U. S. -led invasion of Kuwait to liberate the country from the Iraqi invaders, a story, untrue and unverrfied, ran about 20 Kuwaiti babies being hurled out of their incubators by the Iraqi raiders (Utley). This happened before the war (Utley). The story generated a groundswell of indignation and spurred the United States to move in with their military might (Utley). The end result of this carnage was far from the desired outcome. At the onset of the conflict, the United States decimated vital installations in the course of its military intervention (Utley). This left utilities in shambles; sanititation, electrical generation and food producing facilities were completely destroyed, leaving half a million children dead in its wake (Utley). The embargo on imports on even chlorine and materials for rebuilding the nation left it with unsafe drinking water (Utley). To follow the mindset of the generals, they are not schooled in the consideration of the consequences of their actions. All they want is how to quash the enemy and win the war (Utley). Haiti would be another prime piece of evidence on the failure of American interventionist policy. Before entering into its â€Å"war games† mentality, the United States first reduced the nation’s, and people’s, means of living by slapping an economic interdiction against the island nation (Utley). Then when the war mongers in the Federal government did not see the embargo working towards the desired goal, it went ahead and invaded the nation (Utley). As a result of the American military intervention, the people of Haiti are now in a far worse lot than they began with (Utley). Now, instead of becoming economically stable, the people of Haiti are now more dependent on imports from the United States (Utley). The pattern of American â€Å" police† strategy is sometimes is quite disturbing. When the American televison industry wearies of one subject, more often than not the American government forgets about it too (Utley). Simply put, it justs walks from the subject, leaving their posts when its no longer news, as in the cases of Haiti, Somalia or Panama (Utley). Or it just goes about imposing blockades to leave the people in hardship,like what is happening now in Iraq and Serbia (Utley). This practice of some God-given mission is not the lone and sole property of the United States, nor did it start with them. The concept was derived from the â€Å"Divine Right of Kings† practised in England (Neoperspectives). This was the practice in many European monarchies at the time of the founding of the United States (Neoperspectives). The King could just wave his hand or snap his fingers together and someone could lose his life (Neoperspectives). The United States†¦ World Police? So the actions of the United States leaves us with the question, should the United States take up the cudgels for policing the world, or, was there an offer in the first place? Most would point to the administration of former U. S. President Bill Clinton for the dilemma that the United States is facing (RateItAll). As the earlier statement mentioned, the fall of the Soviet Union left the United States as the only legitimate superpower on the planet (Weiner). But again the question is raised, did the world ask for it? The question is somewhat answered by formere Secretary of State Madeleine Albright to Colin Powell (RateItAll). Albright avers that since they have one of the strongest fighting forces at their disposal, then why not utilize them (RateItAll)? Was the thinking of Albright correct? According to University of Texas profeesor and author Robert Jensen, its not. The United States is not acting at all as the world police; instead it is bullying the world into submission (Jensen).

Friday, September 13, 2019

YOUR CHOICE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

YOUR CHOICE - Essay Example One of the famous theories presented proposes an explanation subject to experimentation of the development of the galaxy is the big bang theory. Scientists have tried to create an understanding of what happened to the universe before and after the moment when the bang took place using this suggested theory. Astronomists and physicists have made discoveries that indicate that our universe did have a beginning which implies that before the moment of the bang there was nothing and thereafter our universe came to exist. The theory states that our universe came into existence around thirteen billion years ago as an area of intense gravitational pull that defies the understanding of physics referred to as a singularity. The gravitational pull was thought to be of intense pressure causing finite matter to be further squashed into an infinite density which explains how our universe came to exist. Questions as to where the universe came from or why it did appear are still unanswered (Fox, 67). After the initial appearance of the universe it then expanded and cooled from the initially small and very hot element to the current size and temperature of the universe. The theory was first proposed by Georges in a hypothesis of an ancient atom that was further developed by several other scientists to generate the contemporary idea. The theory also relies on Einstein’s theory of relativity and data formulated by Alexander. The process continues up to date whereby earth exists as a unique planet with unbelievable creatures, revolving around the sun together with other billions of stars in the galaxy elevated through the outer space inside an expanding universe that began as an infinite singularity that appeared for reasons unknown from nowhere. In the understanding of the theory, misconceptions of the idea behind it are clarified by scientists for example the imagination of a giant balloon exploding is countered by the explanation that we