Friday, May 31, 2019

Comparing In Search of Our Mothers Gardens and I Know Why the Caged Bi

In Search of Our Mothers Gardens and I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings Alice go-cart and Maya Angelou are two contemporary African-American writers. Although almost a multiplication apart in age, both women display a remarkable similarity in their lives. Each has written about her experiences growing up in the rural South, Ms. perambulator through her essays and Ms. Angelou in her autobiographies. Though they share similar backgrounds, each has a unique style which gives to us, the readers, the gift of their exquisite humanity, with all of its frailties and strengths, joys and sorrows. Tragedy afflicted both of these women at the age of eight. Ms. Walker lost her sight in one eye. Ms. Angelou was raped. Each described the incident as part of a big work. Ms. Walker related her experience in the body of an essay published in her book, In Search of Our Mothers Gardens. Ms. Angelou told her story as a chapter in her autobiography, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. Alth ough both wrote about their traumatic experience, the way each depicted the incident was distinct and seemed to be told for very different purposes. Alice Walker reports the facts to the reader with short sentences written in the present tense. She chooses words which elicit a forceful emotional response from her audience. For example, in telling how her brothers were given BB guns and she was not, Ms. Walker writes, Because I am a girl, I do not get a gun. Instantly, I am relegated to the position of Indian. The word relegated causes the reader to be acidulous and indignant. Most people do not like being relegated to anything. Another illustration of Ms. Walkers use of dynamic words can be found in her descrip... ...e with their help. Alice Walker and Maya Angelou are both extremely courageous writers. From each we receive a rare and poignant gift. As her book suggests, Alice Walker challenges us to inquisition for resolution in the face of loneliness and despair . Maya Angelou, who knows why the caged bird sings, reminds us that loneliness and despair never have the last word. She gently points us to a window of hope. Both women bless us with shades of being human. Works Cited Angelou, Maya. I Know Why The Caged Bird Sings. New York Bantam, 1993. Draper, James P., ed., et al. Contemporary literary Criticism, Vol. 77. Detroit Gale Research Inc., 1993. Walker, Alice. In Search of Our Mothers Gardens. Major Modern Essayists. Second Edition. Ed. Gilbert H. Muller with Alan F. Crooks. Englewood Cliffs Prentice Hall, 1994. 329-337.

Thursday, May 30, 2019

Women Being Controlled in The Yellow Wallpaper -- essays research pape

The discolour Wallpaper Today, women have more freedoms than we did in the early nineteenth century. We have the right to vote, assay positions that are normally meant for men, and most of all, the right to use our minds. However, for women in the late 1800s, they were brought up to be submissive housewives who were not allowed to express their own interests. In the story, The icteric Wallpaper, by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, a woman is isolated from the world and her family because she is suffering from a temporary disease. Under her husbands care, she undergoes a treatment called rest bring round prescribed by her desex, Dr. Weir Mitchell. It includes bed rest, no emotional or physical stimulant drug, and limited access to people. However, due to isolation, the woman creates a delusional relationship with the yellow wallpaper in her bedroom. Its patterns stand for everything that is going on in her current life. She is a lonely woman who ye arns to flight the walls around her and be free.As the story begins, the woman in the story is suffering from temporary nervous depression and has just been released from a sanitarium. Because she is ill, her husband John has been given instructions from her doctor on how to help her recuperate. He is very careful and loving, and hardly lets his wife stir without special direction (Gilman, 451). This treatment confines her to her room upstairs. She is alike required to have plenty of bed rest and is restricted from people and stimulation. However, one can say that such instructions will cause the illness to continue because of a lack of activity, isolation from the outside world, especially family members. It appears the woman in the story wants to ... ...rld and the woman represents her. Ultimately, Johns wife concludes that her only escape from the room is to tear down the wallpaper. In doing so, she releases herself and takes control of her life.Gilman has based this s tory on her own experience. She gives readers a glimpse on how women were restricted from mental stimulus and creative thinking because they were forced to conform to societies norms. The woman in the story is a prime example of how women were denied participation in their own marriage.Works CitedGilman, Charlotte Perkins. The Yellow Wallpaper. 1892. pgs. 450-461.Johnson, Greg. Gilmans Gothic Allegory Rage and Redemption in The Yellow Wallpaper, in Studies in Short Fiction, Vol.26, No. 4, Fall, 1989, pg. 521-30.Korb, Rena. An Overview of The Yellow Wallpaper, in Exploring Short Stories, Gale Research, 1998.

Wednesday, May 29, 2019

The Australian Aboriginal People: Dating the Colonization of Australia :: Biology Biological Colony Essays

The Australian ancient People Dating the Colonization of AustraliaAbstractThe colonization of each continent by modern human populations remains an primary(prenominal) question in our story as a species. Studies of variations in mitochondrial genomes, Y-chromosomes, satellite deoxyribonucleic acid, and other genetic markers can be used to estimate the time of dissimilitude of one population from another. Recent advancements in technology have advanced our capabilities in genetic analysis. In particular, PCR can be used to amplify, study, and sequence DNA from long-deceased specimens.Ingman and Gyllensten studied 101 complete mitochondrial genomes from contemporary populations in Australia and many other regions. The mitochondrial genetic diversity of Aboriginals is remarkably high, similar to that found in Asia. Ingman and Gyllesten estimated colonization of Australia at 40,000-70,000 long time ago and supported multiple waves of migration. Another study by Adcock and oth ers indicates that anatomically modern humans were present in Australia before complete obsession of the mtDNA lineage, but does not establish a colonization date. A study of Y-chromosome variation by Vandenburg and others in 1999 revealed two haplotypes unique to Australian Aboriginals. Most (78%) of Aboriginal haplotypes fell into two clusters, possibly indicating two original, separate lineages of founding Aboriginal Australians.As recently as the 1960s, anthropologists predicted the colonization of Australia at less than 10,000 years ago. Advancments in thermoluminescence dating pushed back the estimated colonization time to 50,000-60,000 years ago in the early 1990s. Improvements in thermoluminescence and carbon dating techniques adjusted previous colonization dates of 50,000-60,000 years to approximately 45,000 years. The results of morphological dating best-support the multiregional evolution hypothesis of modern humans, and further complicate the possible ancestry of m odern Australian Aboriginals.Mitochondrial DNA analysis, recent thermoluminescence dates, and the history of ocean levels coincide roughly to indicate a colonization of Australia at approximately 50,000 years ago. IntroductionThroughout recorded history, humans have been outlined by a desire to know ourselves Where did we come from? How did we get here? Where are we going? Many questions are directed towards our appearance as a species and subsequent populating of the earth, -- piece by piece. One particularly large piece of the earth is Australia a continent, a country, and a mystery in human history.though the major events in Australian natural history have been revealed, for the most part, human history remains a great topic of debate.

The Theme of Failure as Presented in Das Boot :: Das Boot Essays

The Theme of Failure as Presented in Das Boot When Das Boot was first released in the United States, its ladder time was 145 minutes, and it won huge audiences and no less that six Oscar nominations-unheard of for a foreign burgeon forth. The genius of Wolfgang Petersens Das Boot is that to Americans it is considered a foreign film indeed not whole in the sense that the film is from Germany, but because the film offers a unique perspective of World War Two, the German perspective. This operate of view allows American audiences to walk away from theaters and be impacted by themes which are common in the cinematic industry. However, because the film is the story of a German submarine, the effect is different than anything American audiences have previously experienced. One of these themes is failure. Das Boot presents German forces as being able to overcome failure in a victorious manner, while the Allies are shown to be a rather unsuccessful military force. The passkey of the U -boat serves as a attribute for German warfare. He is first introduced in his full uniform, immediately it is known this man is a figure of authority. In the films chaotic opening scene, he is wiz of the few sober soldiers at the bar, illustrating that he is in control at all times. While many are frightened when he pushes the boat double beyond the recommended depth to test its sturdiness, no one challenges his decision. He is stern, powerful, and respected. As Roger Ebert writes about a scene later in the film Hes capable of cheering I demand proper reports even as the boat seems to be breaking up. On several occasions while under attack from depth charges, only the veteran Captains knowledge is the only thing which keeps the crew members of U-96 from the grave. Because the Captain serves as a human link to Germanys war effort, his characterization shows Germanys relative success in the war. When the Captain is triumphant, so too is Germany. Under no circumstances can the men onboard the U-96 fail. They are literally trapped in the boat, and all mistakes quickly lead to the akin fatal end. Whether the Captain mistakenly surfaces and has the periscope spotted by an enemy ship, or Johan abandons his post in the engine room, the consequence each time is disastrous. Every sailor on the boat depends on one another to perform his duties satisfactorily.

Tuesday, May 28, 2019

Imagery in Ragged Dick Essay -- essays papers

Imagery in Ragged arctic Imagery plays a big part in the success of a novel. Different writers have antithetical styles. The good thing about imagery is it makes room for the reader to put things together. The reader is allowed to interpret the story the way that they like. Ragged whoreson, Horatio Alger, Jr. did a great thing with imagery. While reading the novel readers had a change to envision many things that were mentioned in each chapter. Algar interconnected the appearances of the main character to his sustainment arrangement. He also connected these things with the characters attitude. Ragged Dick is about a young boy, name Dick Hunter, who earns his living by shining shoes in New York. He is a very street-smart young boy. All thought the story *censored* was treated according to his appearance. In the beginning of the novel Dick was working on someone shoes when he overheard a conversation between a young boy name Frank and his uncle. Frank treasured to take a t our around the city scarcely his uncle was to busy. Dick interrupted the conversation and said he will give Frank a tour. Before they left for the tour Frank thought Dick need a new suit. While Dick gave Frank a tour, Frank gave Dick somethings to think about. He talked to Dick about everything from shining shoes to where Dick was going to live. Dick did not have a home. His bedchamber had been a wooden box half full of straw . . .(pg4). He ate whatever he could afford. Looking at his clothes one would assume he was poor. His knee breeches were torn in several places, and had apparently belonged in the first instance to a boy two sizes larger than himself. He wore a vest, all the buttons of which peeped a shirt which looked as if it had been worn a month. ... ... little better. I think we foundation afford to leave Moot Street now, he continued. This house isnt as neat as it might be, and I should like to live in a nicer quarter of the city.(P184) Dick agreed and dec ided the sooner the better. He wanted to start the very next day, since he retired from boot blacking. In society today appearances are very important. People associate nice clothes with money. You can see in Ragged Dick that is not always the case. In the beginning of the story Dick did not really care where he lived but after he got new clothes he started thinking differently. He wanted to live in a better place. The connect Algar make was good. It makes mess aware of the things we do. People concentrate to much on appearances and not mortalality. I do believe nice clothes may make a person feel better about them, partly because people treat them better.

Imagery in Ragged Dick Essay -- essays papers

Imagery in Ragged woodpecker Imagery plays a big part in the success of a novel. Different writers have different styles. The good thing about imagery is it makes room for the reader to sick things together. The reader is allowed to interpret the story the way that they like. Ragged scratch, Horatio Alger, Jr. did a great thing with imagery. While reading the novel readers had a transmute to envision many things that were mentioned in each chapter. Algar interconnected the appearances of the main character to his living arrangement. He also connected these things with the characters attitude. Ragged Dick is about a young boy, name Dick Hunter, who earns his living by shining shoes in New York. He is a very street-smart young boy. All plan the story *censored* was treated according to his appearance. In the beginning of the novel Dick was working on someone shoes when he overheard a converse between a young boy name Frank and his uncle. Frank wanted to take a tour around the city but his uncle was to busy. Dick interrupted the conversation and said he will give Frank a tour. Before they left for the tour Frank thought Dick indispensability a new suit. While Dick gave Frank a tour, Frank gave Dick somethings to theorize about. He talked to Dick about everything from shining shoes to where Dick was going to live. Dick did not have a home. His bedchamber had been a wooden box half full of straw . . .(pg4). He ate whatever he could afford. Looking at his clothes one would assume he was poor. His pants were torn in several places, and had apparently belonged in the first voice to a boy two sizes larger than himself. He wore a vest, all the buttons of which peeped a shirt which looked as if it had been worn a month. ... ... little better. I think we can afford to leave Moot Street now, he continued. This house isnt as neat as it might be, and I should like to live in a nicer quarter of the city.(P184) Dick agreed and decided the sooner th e better. He wanted to start the very next day, since he retired from boot blacking. In familiarity today appearances are very important. People associate nice clothes with money. You can see in Ragged Dick that is not always the case. In the beginning of the story Dick did not really care where he lived but after he got new clothes he started thinking differently. He wanted to live in a better place. The connect Algar make was good. It makes people aware of the things we do. People concentrate to much on appearances and not personality. I do believe nice clothes may make a person feel better about them, partly because people treat them better.

Monday, May 27, 2019

Some People Think Parents Should Read or Tell Stories to Children

Some people think parents should read or tell stories to children, while others think parents need not do that, as children can read books, watch TVs or movies by themselves. Discuss both views and give your opinion. Parenting is al offices a heated topic in our society. What is the best way for children to read and learn? Some people insist on the more traditional method by reading or telling stories to children rather than let children learn by themselves through books, TV and net profit . As far as I am concerned, two complementary methods are necessary to be applied to motivate children to read and learn.It is evident that reading or telling stories to their children is not only a way of reading but also a good approach to strenghten the tie between parents and children. It brings often more happiness to families and make family bond closer. Furthermore reading or telling stories to children is a a more entertaining method thought which children get more enjoyment and a metheo d children perhaps prefer. Consequently childrens interest in reading and learning would easily be motivated. Many of us could remember the lovely moment when we were looking forward to listening for stories before we went to bed.However, independent learning is a merry capacity for old children and young adults. Therefore parents should encourage their children to read and learn by themselves, searching information through various sources such as books, internet as well as TV. For children would be growing up and be independent to face the complicated society one day. This ability would help them much no matter what they do in the future. To sum up, each method discussed above has its merit to be considered as a proper way which parents enlist to foster their children a good reading and learning habit and ability.

Sunday, May 26, 2019

Of Mice and Men: Journey to their American Dream Essay

Achieving the American dream is possible, barely the price to pull in there may be more than almost can handle. In Of Mice and Men John Steinbeck shows threw different choices of settings the difficulties of achieving much(prenominal) a dream. George and Lenny, long time friends since childhood have the dream of avouching and working there own land. They travel from townspeople to town looking for labor trying to save up enough money. Yet everywhere they go it seems trouble either follows or finds them.The American dream is known by most but achieved by few. Gradu completelyy over the years the American dream has become the m personal staple fiber for up and coming families. Both men and woman strive to have the white picket fence in a private town, near work, and with a good school district. Though many live from paycheck to paycheck portraying as if they have the american dream when in reality its all just an illusion. Young people are greatly influenced by family, friends, and the media. At a young age many are told to go to college, get a good job, and to become successful. It is drilled into the young that owning property and making life as comfortcapable as possible is the way to go. So this is what we work so hard for, never stopping on our quest to achieve the almost unachievable.Lennie and Georges vision of the American dream is simply owning their very own land. Threw unwrap the book it is implied that you are a respected member of society if you own land and stay in one perpetrate. Yet Lennie and George go from town to town working hard trying to make enough money to buy land but never actually stay in one place for enough time to actually settle in one spot and buy it. If they were to have land ownership they would have the pride and respect they eternally cute. In their eyes the dream means independence and self-sufficiancy, the freedom that comes from owning land. which in turn means enjoying the fruits of ones own labor.-( Johnson-0 14 0)Society plays a big(p) role in achieving the dream. Being on the outskirts of society is hard enough along with Lennie always sturring up accidental trouble, society brands them outsiders, unusual, and not safe. Usually they are run out of town by the towns people and not given a chance to save up enough money to be able to by land let alone find land to purchase. After a few times of this happening moral goes down and the dream seems far and farther away.The migrant life and its effects can take a toll. They searched for casual work wherever they can find it. George and Lennie are known as seasonal or casual workers, who went from job to job in africulture, industry, or construction.- (Johnson-1 100). Usually they do hard labor that pays very little and dont stay long enough to get comfortable. This conveys them feeling unwanted and mistreated. Many of the people they work with treat them like they are inconsequential.They are sole(prenominal) wanted to do they hard labor no one else would do. Seen to be too weak to even come close to the American dream. Curlys wife looks at them and rudely says they left all the weak ones here.- (Steinbeck). Curlys wife has some dreams of her own as well. She wished to be a Hollywood actress but cant beome one because Curly is so protective of her and doesnt allow her to do anything. If she wants to make her dream come true she would have to leave Curly and all that she is familiar with behind. This would be a difficult and life changing decision not to be taken lightly (Mice).Discrimination is shown often throughout this book, against anyone who is different. Many times they are discriminated against because of their being drifters an not of a certain social standing. Lennie is mentally handicapped and most times his curious and arch side can become dangerous. He likes to touch pretty and soft things but in doing this without thinking others become frightened and disturbed by such a large burly man approaching th em and not letting go. Because of this Lennie is constantly called stupid or a fool even by George at times. George is looked at as a fool for befriending someone like that. This deprives them of the hope they need to continue to work hard and reach their goals. George expresses this when he says, I seen the guys that go around on the ranches alone. That aint no good. They dont have no fun. After a long time they get mean. They get wantin to fight all the time.(Steinbeck.17)A black mans perspective can be much the same as a migrants. Even Curly, a black worker, wants to make it for himself but is constantly put down and disparaged because he is black and handicapped. With the mindset of being dumb, stupid and not good enough no one can move forward or accomplish anything. In the beginning and ending of the book Steinbeck uses symbolism in the largeness of the mountains compared to the smallness of George and Lennie video display the contrast between them and their dream (J.Hinds 1 52).Many ask the question can the American dream really be had? George is not very optimistic close to starting up new in another town and in that mindset finds that the worst does happen. George is forced to kill Lennie, in this he possibly realizes this is the only way to achieve his dream of owning land even if it hurts him to do this. George had always felt a certain obligation to sticking with Lennie shown when he says, I aint got no people. Course Lennies a God damn nuisance most of the time, but you get used to goin around with a guy an you cant get rid of him. (Steinbeck 45). In this case George killing Lennie was the only way for either of them to obtain their American dream.Of Mice and Men and The American Dream. 123HelpMe.com. 16 May 2012 .-0 /Claudia-Durst-Johnson/e/B000APX61U/ref=ntt_athr_dp_pel_1/187-0392986-1780919 -1 /Claudia-Durst-Johnson/e/B000APX61U/ref=ntt_athr_dp_pel_1/187-0392986-1780919

Saturday, May 25, 2019

Elizabeth Gaskell and Industrialization Essay

Two of Elizabeth Gaskells novelsNorth and southeast and Mary Bartonprovide a critical perceptiveness into the authors attempt at probing the issues surrounding industrialization in Victorian England. Apart from the fact that both novels feature female characters as protagonists, they also highlight the classic struggle amid abundant and poor classes in the face of an emerging industrial society. Without losing track of the flow of the stories plots, Gaskell is subject to control the vital aspects of industrialization.In North and South, Elizabeth Gaskell writes about the struggles of the urban working class in industrial England, specifically in its northern regions, during the 19th century in contrast to the lifestyles of those who live in the wealthier south. Because the story is shown from the perspective of the heroine, Margaret Hale, Gaskell is able to display the other side of the stereotypes attributed to women during the 19th century. For the most part, women at that tim e were barely able to face their personal circumstances and address them on their own.Margaret Hale, however, defies the notion that women largely depend on men just to live. She initially resists that belief by rejecting wild-eyed proposalsa move that shows how she is in control of her lifeand displays it at its highest when she throws her arms around John Thornton in an effort to protect him from the angry mob. The latter indicates that it is not always women who seek the protection of men because women can also protect men even at the expense of such women.As Patsy Stoneman indicates in her book Elizabeth Gaskell, Margaret Hale confronts the fact that men of all classes are governed, in the public sphere, by a masculine code, a code that efficaciously prevents the characteristic of estimation attributed to females (Stoneman, p. 86). Margarets willingness to protect Thornton does not only imbibe the thought that women are tender and should not be harmed. It also presents the id ea that womenespecially those who are considered outsiders to industrial areas such as Miltoncan also learn to sympathize with the lot who are working under poverty.The incident in the story where the workers were in a strike against Thornton, the local mill owner, also underlines the idea that an outsider can relate to the woes and conditions of the workers more than those who are directly involved in the industrial system. another(prenominal) interesting aspect of Gaskells thematic exploration of industrialization in North and South is how she was able to reunite, in a manner of speaking, the classes considered as opposite opposites. As Dorice Williams Elliott observes in her article the novel bases its case for womens mediation between classes on an analogy between marriage and class cooperation (Elliott, p.25). The presence of the outsider, Margaret, in the industrial town makes it possible for the marriage between the classes to commence. Margaret became no less than a person who paved the way for the better understanding between the well-off and poor divide although her presence alone did not entirely dissolve the prevalent disparity. Elliotts observation that Margarets mediation led to class cooperation barely reaffirms the idea that class cooperation in itself still presumes differences between social classes.In Mary Barton, the disparities between the rich and the poor classes take the shape of the story of a father who seeks to protect his daughter from becoming a fallen woman. Like Margaret Hale in North and South, the story revolves around the life and struggles of Mary Barton in Victorian England. John Barton, Marys father, is a millworker who lost most of the members of his family except Mary. One interesting part of the story is when John shot heat content Carson, the son of a rich mill owner.Being someone who deeply questions the wealth disparities between rich and poorlargely because he was chairman at many a Trades Union meeting a friend of delegates, someone who was ambitious of being a delegate himself and a chartist who was ready to do anything for his order (Gaskell, p. 25)Johns murder of Henry symbolizes how the members of the poor class sometimes grow desperate. The story is ingenious in the mother wit that it perfectly subsumes the issues surrounding industrialization in Victorian England into the tale of a womans quest for love.Mary Barton is a classic example of how Gaskell effectively writes about the problems caused by industrialization in Victorian England without losing sight of the storys plot. Despite the debates as to whether Gaskells novels genuinely reflect the true genius of the Victorian English society during the onset of the industrial period, it should be reminded that what her novels do is to give a fictional account of the problems people face when dealing with people from another social class.Susan Morgan writes that the criterion of likelihood is an inappropriate approach to Gaskells w ork (Morgan, p. 44). For example, it may have well been unlikely in Manchester for relations between worker and employer to find solutions through individual friendships (Morgan, p. 44). Whatever reasons there may be as to why Gaskell wrote as she did, it is enough to note that North and South and Mary Barton capture the struggles of fictional characters in the face of industrialization.The novels may be fiction at best, yet the circumstance they suggeststhe epic divide between rich and poorremains as real today as it once was. Works Cited Elliott, Dorice Williams. The Female Visitor and the Marriage of Classes in Gaskells North and South. Nineteenth-Century writings 49. 1 (1994) 21-49. Gaskell, Elizabeth Cleghorn. Mary Barton. Ed. Shirley Foster. Oxford Oxford University Press, 2006. Morgan, Susan. Gaskells Heroines and the Power of Time. Pacific Coast Philology 18. 1/2 (1983) 43-51. Stoneman, Patsy. Elizabeth Gaskell. Bloomington Indiana University Press, 1987.

Friday, May 24, 2019

Accounting fraud Essay

Accounting fraud can be defined as knowingly falsifying accounting records in order to augment sales revenue and net income. Accounting fraud is committed in corporations by means of showing false information, using funds for illegal purposes or inflate expenses, overstating revenues, understating expenses or overstating the value of merged as grooms. All these activities are entirely un respectable. Behaving goodly depends on the capability to recongnize the ethical issues and to believe on their existence. This ability to serve ethically at educate stead related more to attributes of corporate culture than to attributes of individual employee singles often fail to realise their righteous obligations at break down and by being subject to worlds temptation fails to tread on their set ethical standards and behave unethically. People especially of todays generation are so much engrossed in their own different criterias of their lives that they almost forget to confine themselv es to ethical boundaries that is why ethical purposes are always difficult to raise and its foundation is based on several factors however if we talk about the decision by considering moral philosophies of a person that depends on whether the person is qualification a process-related decision or personal-life decision.See more Basic Economic problem of Scarcity EssayA person in the business area might view of the problem by thinking differently beacause of the outside force and under the work pressure. However, the same decision might be unsatisfactory to him outside the work. The second reason of people changing moral philosophies could be the corporate culture where they work. Rules and personalities of a business culture person eventually personal effects on the person and exerts pressure to conform to the firms culture. Edward Hall (1959), described culture as a silent language, and defines it as that part of homosexuals behavior which he takes for granted, the part he d oesnt think about, since he assumes it is universal or regards it as idiosyncratic. Geert Hofstede (1993) defined it as the collective schedule of the mind which distinguishes one group or category of people from an some other. (P.489) A culture followed in corporate or on industrial level is cognise as Meso- culture and all(prenominal) organisation has their own set agendas regarding morals because work ethics plays a pivotal role at work place to rein employees to behave ethically and keeping into account the ethical dimensions. In most of the plaques, there are set rules and policies specifically formulated to make ethical environment.Everyorganization has a culture which mainly comes from the side of upper commission and the rest of the employees follows the set trends and culture of their own corporate sectors. The culture of the organization varies from organization to organization because of the different perceptions of the chief executive officers (CEO) and the Board o f Directors (BOD). Individuals in serviceable lives tend to take decisions according to their own moral determine and set standards however, in business it changes and is quite the other way round. People get pressurised often and take decisions whatever is percieved as right or wrong in their surroundings and also choose on producing the greatest benefits with least harm. Individuals cannot simply enforce their personal perspective, though they are responsible for their actions but the idea of middle- management or entry level employee to have the freedom to take decision on their own at the work place is unrealistic.For example, if an employee can attract more customers by giving bribe to someone in the business, his decision would rely on whether complying with company policy or requirements is an important motivation to the individual or not. So for that purpose, according to Drake and Drake (1988), there is a necessity for the development of training programmes to implement corporate values.These programmes must explain the ethical and legal principles to the employees and show practical examples which can be used as a guidance. (p.111) Thus, the set principles and policies regarding work ethics in an organization and in addition to that the training programs can guide, range or direct the employees to follow ethics and helps in institutionalizing organizations. According to ethics consultant David Gebler, Most unethical behaviour is not done for personal gain, its done to meet performance goals. Mostly people are of the view that individual moral philosophies plays main role for the ethical behaviour in business. Although moral philosophies learned through family, religion and education are important but it is only one factor which helps in decision making it is not suitable to prevent ethical misconduct especially in the business sector. Studies show that the reward for meeting performances and the corporate culture are the main drivers in ethical decision making because the companies have a life of their own and the individuals working in the company are transcended by its corporate culture and with the passage of time, these patterened activities accommodate instituionalized within theorganization.Peer influence also effects to some extent in the decision making employees can be lulled by each other in making unethical decisions or when facing with ethical dilemmas nonetheless, everything still surrounds around the corporate culture and its strict policies for the ethical behaviour because when the policies will be strict, every employee would strive hard for the performance goal. If I fit myself in a situation where I can easily inflate my account on companys expenses, I would be swayed by the companys culture. I might not even think of committing any fraud or inflate the expense on companys account, if the company is strict in its policies. But at times, it also depends on an individual moral values of a person in takin g decision which is transmitted normally from families. According to my vantage point, individual moral development for taking a decision is a unessential factor what drives first instantly to the person to behave ethically is the corporate culture since a company cannot rely on every individual to behave ethically on their own. They cant just stand in front of people and say they want them to have a good attitude and be excited, says Pecos River president Elizabeth Wilson.Taking decision in practical life and in work life differs. People in their work lives are driven by some targets and goals which are triggered in them by the organisation where they work and that effects on their performance. Similarly, when they take decision in their work lives , they are not driven by their own values, the companys formulated culture effects their decision making. Nevertheless, if a person takes any decision without any concern or reflecting on the ethical dimensions these sort of misbehaviou rs are referred to as unethical business practices (eg Garrett et al.,1989 Giacalone and Jurkiewicz, 2003 King, 1986).According to white potato (1989), Ethics should be followed in corporate sectors in the form of corporate creed and ethical code. The former establishes the organisational ethical values whereas the latter is a specific set of guidelines which must be unquestionable in all functional areas of the firm. To conclude, business ethics plays a pivotal role in developing a corporate culture.Although, all the implementation of principles and ethics is a bit difficult procedure but it impacts on the employees in the organisation in higher degree and rein them from involving in unethical activities. It is limpid that in principle individuals are more ethical if a corporation has a written, formal code andless ethical otherwise. (Vitell et al.,1993,p.336). Hence, according to Vitell, the idea of a formal written code for ethics works well in corporate sector. In addition, moral values of an individual which are mainly effect by religion, personal cognitive approach, family, beliefs, education et cetera also plays an important role in preventing the employees in taking any unethical decision, however, it is only a secondary factor for an employee has a performance goal in his mind while working and the decision forms according to a corporate culture and the ethics followed in organizations since a company cannot rely on individuals individually to have ethical standards and beliefs. For that purpose , there is a necessity of a corporate culture which work as the main driver to act ethically in a work- place and in situations related to corporate sector.REFERENCESArunchand, C H Ramanathan, Hareesh N. Organizational husbandry and Employee Morale A Public Sector Enterprise Experience, journal of Strategic Human Resource Management2.1 (2013) 1-8. Mickalowski, Kyle Mickelson, Mark Keltgen, Jaciel. Apples Iphone Launch A grammatical case Study In Effect ive Marketing The Business Review, Cambridge9.2(Summer 2008). Retrieved from Proquest Database, viewed 29 September,14Caulkin, S. 2002, Good Thinking, Bad Practice, The Observer (7th April), 11 Claver, Enrique Llopis, Juan Gasco, Jose L. International journal of Value establish Management15.2 (2002) 151-163 Drake, B. H.and E. Drake, (1988), Ethical and legal aspects of managing corporate culture California management review 30 (2), 107- 123 Fritzche, D. J. 1995, Personal Values Potential Keys to Ethical Decision Making, Journal of Business Ethics 14(11), 909922. Retrieved from Proquest Database, viewed 5 May,14Garrett D. E., J. L., Bradford.,R. A. Meyers., J, Becker 1989 Issues Management and Organizational accounts An analysis of Corporate responses to Accusations of Unethical Business Practices, Journal of Business Ethics 8 (7), 507- 520, Retrieved from Proquest Database, viewed 6 May,14 Geert, H., Bond, M. H., & Luk, C. L. (1993). Individual Perceptions of Organizational Culture s. Organization Studies, 14(4), pp. 483-503. Retrieved from ProquestDatabase, viewed 11 may,14 Hall, E.T. (1959). The Silent Language, New York Doubleday Lincoln, D., M. M. Pressey and T. Little 1982, Ethical Beliefs and Personal Values of Top Level Executives, Journal of Business Research (10), 475487Murphy Herta A., Effective Business Communication (7th Edition), Herbert W. Hildebrandt , Mc Graw- Hill.Nakano, Chiaki. Asian Business & Management, suppl. Special Issue Japanese Business & Society in a Global Age6.2 (Jun 2007) 163-178. The deduction and limitations of Corporate Governance from the perspective of Business Ethics Towards the Creation of an Ethical Organizational Culture, Retrieved from Proquest Database, viewed on 10 May, 14. Vitell, S. J., et al, (1993), Marketing Norms The influence of personal moral philosophies and organizational ethical culture Journal of the academy of marketing science 21 (4), 331-337, Retrieved from Proquest Database, Viewed on 12 May,14. Yall apragada, RamMohan R. Roe, C. William Toma, Alfred G. Accounting fraud and white collar crimes in the US, Journal of Business Case Studies8.2 (2012) 187. Retrieved from Proquest Database, Viewed on 7 May,14.

Thursday, May 23, 2019

Hello Kitty case study Essay

1.0Introduction how-dye-do kitty is a cartoon character of a sm all(prenominal) snow-white cat that olfactory sensations kind, sweet and cute, with a neverthelesston nose, two black dot-eyes, six whiskers and a ribbon in her hair. howdy kitty has no oral fissure and this represents a major source of emotional association for buyers and buyers can put many different feelings to the little cat. Owners and their cat can be happy, sad and contented or any other feelings that user wishes to feel.Hello passel was firstly introduced in Japan in 1974 and is a segment of Japanese best-selling(predicate) ending and hello kitty is a Japanese bobtail cat also knows as kitty white. Currently hello kitty is 40 years of days hello kitty trademark is worth over 5 billion annually worldwide.2.0What the appeal of Hello flowerpot? What needs does it fulfill?Hello Kitty appeal is success in Japan to the prevalence of the Kawaii culture in the country. The Japanese, regardless of their age, we re known to surrender a passion for cute objects. Kawaii itself mean cute. Hello Kitty not only popular among kid but for adult too. They describe as kidult, the combination of kid and adult. It attracts user who love tip and cat.For instance, it was considered normal for grown women in Japan to be seen with mobile phone cases that were adorned with cartoon characters, or for banks to print check books with pictures of cartoons. The postal department issued stamps featuring popular cartoon characters. Even the Japanese government used Hello Kitty as tourism campaign in Hong Kong and China.Hello Kitty is fulfilling the need of belong and love. She has become a friend and has its own social fans. People will feel happy when they buy it for their self or receive it as a gift. The appearance and cuteness fill people happy when they see it. It becomes collectable items and fans become happy when they can collect all the various looks of Hello Kitty.3.0What make Hello Kitty distinctive in its archaean years from other dolls,and what made non-distinctive in later years as its sales declined?In its early years, Hello Kitty is the most attractive because that time there no other animate that is cute and represent a girl. Hello Kitty wherefore become viral that attract people from any ages. It not only the symbol of cuteness but also as a friend. Hello Kitty for a little girl she become a friend, for teenager special friend and trend and women also is attracted as the symbol of feminine. Hello Kitty enters all age groups and market. The kawaii thing that make it very attractive compare to other dolls.Even though Hello Kitty was still among the top-selling brands in Japan, the avenues for future development seemed limited. The increased popularity of other animate the like Pokemon among female consumers make the attraction of Hello Kittys was at risk in Japan. Sanrio may have succeeded in reviving the brand in the 1990s by repositioning Hello Kitty to make her appe aling to a larger number of people. However, the confederation could not pull off the same trick a second time. There were several reasons for this. Hello Kitty had already been placed on a wide range of items and there were few new items left.Furthermore, Technology changes factor may lead to it declined. Abundance electronic and gadget that is more attractive to children and teenager. totally the gadget come with sound and voice that is more attractive to be watch. Hello Kitty is created without mouth, so it a bit difficult to create a video recording animation likes others. It seems weird if Hello Kitty has a voice because she doesnt have mouth.4.0How have the needs of children change over the years in term of what they look for in a doll?Today technology change rapidly with many gadget and advanced technology in market. As a user it affects us when we cant catch up with the changes. We may left behind from other. This changes not only effect adult but children too. When toys are now using advanced technology to express the animator creativity and to enter the market. The impact of this, children moreattract to figure that are look more real. Children today not only looking for toys that are attractive but come with voice and have their own trademark. Example like Upin Ipin, the television series with in their graphic technology, latest is Frozen animation, Elsa is the popular one from the movie.It becomes viral among children. The movies itself very interesting come with good graphic, storyline, song and products. Its a complete package that attract children today, they memories the song. Its completely different with Hello Kitty that has no mouth and cant talk. Hello Kitty has the contrived value that not everyone can understand it. Children now want something that more related to real life, real expression. The technologies today have impact on children choice. ratiocinationThere many competitor that come with more advanced technology that are more a ttractive not only for children but for adult too. Hello Kitty is now left behind even there so many promotion and contract with big company. Hello Kitty has lost it peek but not for the fans. The loyal fans are from kids from past year that are adult today. Kitty fails to attract newer kids in this 21st century. Kids may like the kitty but still cant be the loyal fans of kitty. Hello Kitty should be able to cope with technology changes to attract young kid today. Hello Kitty must change to something that is catchier suitable with kids this 21st century.

Wednesday, May 22, 2019

All the Kings Men – 2

The Great Spider Web In the book, totally The Kings Men by Robert Penn Warren, the character of scandal commove gradually evolves into a person with a deeper comprehension of the public around him. dogshit grapples with humankindy hot concepts, including the concept of whether or non knowledge is power. tinkers damns profession involves digging into the by to disc over information about others, which often, he will later use to blackmail them. So naturally Jack believes knowledge holds great power.However, as the book carries on, Jack struggles with the idea that his knowledge may have a much deeper meat on society than the current purpose of the information. Throughout this novel Jack demonstrates that knowledge is power, but he eventually realizes that his knowledge can lead to herb of grace in the lives of others, which leaves him with the idea that most things may be better left(a) unsaid. During this book Jack exhibits that knowledge is power. One would expect th is from Jack Burden because his line of products, first and foremost, consists of digging up dirt on other politicians for his boss Willie Stark (the governor of Louisiana).Jack, who narrates this book, comes right out and says, The end of man is knowledge(p. 9), which infuses with his idea that knowledge is power, and can essentially grant down a man. Near the end of the book this quote is very significant to Jack in that events occur that prove his opinion is correct, but that he should exercise his wealth of knowledge in a different way. The entire plot of this book is drawn from the moment Willie finds out that a certain come close Irwin supports a candidate running against his own.Willie pays a little visit to Judge Irwin in an effort to persuade him to retract his statement, but his attempt fails. The Boss said, swell Jackie, it looks like you got a job cut out for you. And I said, Callahan? And he said, Nope, Irwin. And I said, I shamt reckon youll find anything on Ir win. And he said, You find it(p. 49). This again suggests the theme that knowledge is power. Willie wants Jack to find dirt on Judge Irwin so he can dangle that threat over Irwins head, and have the ability to manipulate him.Having knowledge of Judge Irwins wrongdoings gives Willie the power to scare him into doing what he pleases. As the book progresses we meet the friends (and loves) of Jacks youth. One of his friends, disco biscuit Stanton, practices medicine and is asked by Willie to take the job at the new hospital he will open. Adam at first does not want to take a job, and Jack plans to use information he dug up about Judge Irwin (which connects to Adams father) to make soak up him to take the job. I can change that picture of the world he carries around in his head(p. 48). thus far though the information Jack wants to piece of land with Adam could potentially shatter Adams view of the world, Jack feels he should use the power of his knowledge to make Adam take the job t hat Adams sister, Anne, so desperately wants him to take. All through this book knowledge is portrayed as the root of power, often with Jack as the man who has the knowledge. As the book progresses, Jack comes to realize that knowledge can sometimes create unimaginable mourning in peoples lives. When Jack was young this was not a concept Jack was able to grasp.Jacks first journey into the past proves that fact very clearly. Jack researches a scandal that occurred in one of his relatives past as a project when he was in college, but walks away from that piece of work because he simply cannot understand the reasoning behind his granduncles (Cass Mastern) actions. Essentially, in the story of Cass Mastern, Cass has an affair with his friends wife, and when his friend strikes of this affair he shoots himself. Cass feels largely responsible for his friends death and realizes that the effect of his affair not only killed a man, but also ripped a family apart. Cass Mastern lived for a fe w years and in that time he learned that the world is all of one piece. He learned that the world is like an enormous rover web and if you touch it, however lightly, at any point, the vibration ripples to the remotest border(p. 188). This is a powerful theme and when Jack finally realizes the significance of this theory, he comes to terms with the fact that sometimes knowledge can bring great sorrow to peoples lives, and not only effect one person, but also many of those connected to them.The spider web theory correlates significantly to Adam and Anne aft(prenominal) they learn that the man they have always looked up to was in fact corrupt like most other politicians. Jack experiences this negative ripple effect as well when he reveals to Judge Irwin that he knows his secret. Judge Irwin then kills himself prompting a series of ripples. A bright, beautiful, silvery soprano screamI went toward her. She dropped the recall to the floor with a clatter, and pointed her finger at me a nd cried out, You did it, you did, you killed himYour father, your father and oh ou, killed him(p. 348-49). Because Jack found dirt on Judge Irwin, Irwin killed himself, which caused sorrow for Jack and Jacks stupefy because we discover that Judge Irwin was the true love of Jacks mother, and surprisingly Jacks real father. Another essential example of when knowledge creating sorrow is when Adam finds out that his sister is having an affair with Willie Stark. When Adam finds out this piece of information, he is driven with anger and decides to eliminate the man defiling his sister. I rushed toward Adam as he fellhe was already deadI didnt see the Boss. And I thought He didnt hit him. besides I was wrong(p. 396). Prompted by this one piece of information, two people are dead. After this point there is a notable difference in Jacks attitude towards revealing information to people. At this point in the book, after two of his dear friends and his own father have died, Jack realizes th at some things are better left unsaid. Without his revealing selected information to people, lives could have been spared.Jack still continues to dig up information simply because he has to know. Jacks new target is who was it that called Adam and informed him of his sisters affair. It did not take long for Jack to find out that the Bosss punching bag, Tiny Duffy, was the culprit, and he informs Duffy of his knowledge. I felt like a million. I had sure-God brought off that scene. I had hit him where he livedI was a hero(p. 415). This feeling Jack has after he spoke to Duffy does not last long though, when I kicked Duffy around I felt like a million because I thought it permit me out(p. 417).Here is when Jack finally takes responsibility for the consequences of spilling his knowledge onto others, and from this time begins to comprehend when information should be held back. After the Boss dies, Jack and the Bosss driver/friend, scar Boy, are out of a job. Sugar Boy greatly admired Willie and was the one who shot the bullet that found Adam Stanton. Jack and Sugar Boy run into each other at the library, and this is the point when Jack uses restraint and withholds information from Sugar Boy to eliminate further sorrow that would sure occur if he revealed his information about Tiny Duffy. Listen, I said, do you know who killed the Boss? Yeah, he said, yeahthe son-of-a-bi-bi-bitch and I-I-I shot him. But suppose you dont know, I said, leaning, suppose there was someday behind Stanton, somebody who framed him to do it. Id kill the son-of-a-bitch, he said I was kidding, I said(p. 419-21). Jack finally grasps the fact that sometimes information should be withheld if it will most certainly have a negative consequence. Even a bit earlier Jack starts to realize this fact but will not put it into action until the moment with Sugar Boy at the library.Another instance when Jacks compassion shines through is when he holds back information from his mother in hopes that s he will be happier with the lie. did hewas there No, I said, he wasnt in any jam. We had a little argument about politics. Nothing serious Is that the truth? She demanded. Yes, I said. I roll to God it is. I had lied to her. Well, I had given that lie to her as a going-away present(p. 431-32). Jack grasped the concept that sometimes things should be kept to yourself. All change costs something(p. 93). Revealing information that causes a change will cost someone, somewhere. Jack Burden finally comprehends this concept and becomes more cautious in spilling his knowledge about others. Overall, Jack understands that knowledge affords great power, but that it certainly can induce great sorrow. This eventually convinces him that some things are better left unsaid. Jack watches endless people suffer because of knowledge that was dumped on them and it helps him to realize that you must have some thought and restraint in what you say to people.In life, there are instances when knowledge is thrust upon a person and that person will be able to speculate the impact that knowledge will have on other people. Even though some may feel entitled and obligated to share information with others, one must assess the overall authority and practice restraint if the negative effects greatly outweigh the positive. Knowledge is a tricky thing, and one must learn its power because otherwise the spider web will constantly be moving with negative ripples leaving a web of grief.

Tuesday, May 21, 2019

Reality TV Essay

Unscripted program, real people NOT actors in a specific environment Normal people with no patent talent, no discernible insights, but who are willing, eager to be seen and heard living their own life. -real life television is filmed with out stoppage time, and then alter to catch the viewers eye -certifiable global pop-culture phenomenon veracity TV comes is all different forms now from daily life of real people such as Big Brother and Jersey Shore, sports shows, business shows like undercover boss and dirtiest jobs, talent shows such as American Idol and Dancing with the stars, family shows John and Kate positivistic 8, and motivational shows like biggest loser and survivor. This eventually led to being filmed and put on TV in 1948. Candid Camera (CQ researcher Reality TV Maryann Haggerty -In 1989 COPS came on air because of the writers guild of American strike. This show followed police during their daily activities. It began with no music or narration just a fair camera foll owing a police. -Over on ABC, beginning in 1990, people were turning their own cameras on family and pets to make Americas Funniest Home Videos -In 1992, humanity TV was a novelty.In 2000, it was a fad. In 2010, its a way of life. Time Magazine article It wasnt until the premiere of The Real mankind on MTV in 1992 that we began to witness the emergence of many of the textual characteristics that would come to define the genres current format, -In 2008, the Emmys awarded a stature to the best legions of a reality TV show for the first time, which was exciting news to all -ABC NBC Fox MTV CBS -In 2010 Reality TV is now a valid passage choice.The New York Times estimated that at any given time, there are 1,000 people on air as reality TV stars. Topic 3 Addictiveness of Reality TV One reason for their popularity is financial an hour of reality can cost a few hundred thousand dollars, compared to the one to troika million for a scripted drama. But part of the reason fans become involved in the show is that they get invested in the good guys and bad guys. -Thats how people watch reality TV you can doubt it, interrogate it, talk back to it, believe it, or not.

Monday, May 20, 2019

The History Of The Life Cycle Costing Accounting Essay

Capital inviolables ar machines or merchandises that ar employ by makers to bring forth their end- ingatherings or by armed military serviceer organisations to present their services. E.g. position generators, medical equipment employ by infirmaries to name and handle patients, trains used by a service organisation such as Virgin Trains to transport knobs to their civilizations. Capital fairs argon one of the most of import parts of a company or organisation s assets. They loafer be used for their useable vivification to bring forth the merchandises or services for the clients and increase the value. It is the battle of some(prenominal) the manufacturer/supplier and customer/user to tie up a full sagaciousness of the dandy good behavior beatnik and its associated terms.It is widely believed that there are several keep bicycle hypothetic flyers in industry to see and most of them are instead similar. Fig. 2.1 shows one general life rhythm a priori key outFig . 2.1 A General livelihood round of golf mildew ( Source hypertext transfer communications protocol //www.ugs.com/ ) arrange 1 Conceive The life rhythm starts with the definition of the crownwork good based on clients take ups. word form 2 use This set up consists of elabo prize build and development of the capital good, prototype testing, pilot film release and full merchandise launch. It atomic number 50 besides affect re externalise and betterment to bing capital good.Phase 3 Realize Once the be after of the capital good is complete the rule of fabrication is defined.Phase 4 aid The concluding stage of the life rhythm involves pull offing of in service information, supplying clients and service utilize scientists with stand-in information for fix and pull off. Fin in all(prenominal)y, there is an end-of-life to the capital good. It needs to be considered whether it is tendency or devastation of stuff.One of the most mouthular things about life rhythm is that l ife rhythm surgery is iterative ( Fig. 2.2 ) . It is ever possible that something does nt work good in any stage sufficiency to endorse up into a anterior stage.Fig. 2.2 The loop feature of life rhythm procedure ( Beginning hypertext transfer protocol //www.ugs.com/ )Another life rhythm theoretical report card is developed by Kumar, et Al. ( 2000 ) , which consists of 5 stages ( Fig. 2.3 ) . In the origin stage, demands and demands are defined based on feedback from the clients and cognition of proficient possibilities. From the specifications of the capital good major proficient parametric quantities shtup be defined. Following, the formation is wholly designed. After that, aggregate units of the system are produced. Then, in the development stage, the capital good/system is used, by and handsome for extensive periods ( 10-40 old ages ) . Finally, the capital good/system is disposed of.Fig. 2.3 conduct rhythm of a capital good ( Kumar, et al. , 2000 )To let on the be ass ociated with the incompatible stages, Life Cycle courting ( LCC ) psycho analytic thinking can be a really utile tool.2.2 Life Cycle beLCC analysis was foremost introduced and developed by the U.S. part of Defense in order to minimise the disbursals of their purchased equipment. Nowadays the construct is widely used in both private and open sectors every bit good as in different capital goods industries. In Fig. 2.4 a typical illustration is precondition on the speak tos distribution associated with the different stages of the capital good life rhythm.Fig. 2.4 Costs distribution of the capital good life rhythmTo be brief, Life Cycle Costing ( LCC ) is a methodological analysis for measuring assets that takes into consideration all approachs originating from having, runing, keeping, and disposing of the electropositive ( flooded and Peterson, 1996 ) . It is the correct discounted live of encyclopedism, public presentation, thrill and presidential term of an positive (p) or system over a repair period of set. The shares of speak to lead be added together to give the entire cost for severally meridian and a expansive sum for the accession through its life sever on a normal footing for the period of involvement. LCC analysis enables determinations on acquisition, care, renovation or disposal of the plus to be do in the visible radiation of full cost deductions. Following are two decompositions of be from different positions.From the position of clients, they are most interested in the Entire Cost of Ownership ( TCO ) . The Entire Cost of Ownership ( TCO ) is the summing up of the cost of geting and having or change overing an point of stuff, piece of equipment, or service and post-ownership cost, including the disposal of risky and other fabrication waste. It besides embroils the cost of lost gross as a consequent of drink vanquishtime or break of service or stop merchandise. Therefore, under the traditional contract ( without the performance-based logisticals or power by the hr contract ) TCO = C acquisition + C care + C downtime + C disposal ( 2.1 )Acquisition be It is the cost during the first three stages of the capital good life rhythm ( Fig. 2.3 ) , videlicet , the initial cost incurred prior to seting the system into service which in many instances is high. It reflected in the gross revenues financial value for new systems.The remainder of the TCO occurs later the purchase stage. Multiple types of be arise during the development stage, with care and downtime key outing for the largest proportion. Care cost consist of all the resources needed for care, which whitethorn be practised by the client or by the maker or a 3rd party. In any instance, the points that engage to be paying for include trim parts, service/ alimony applied scientists, substructure and tutelage. Downtime costs whitethorn dwell of direct costs, such as those caused by a decrease in the end crossway of a mill, and indirect costs, such as those caused by loss of repute and resulting loss of prospective grosss.Finally, in the disposal stage, there ordain be disposal costs. Disposal cost is the cost or assenting of acquiring rid of assets after usage. These may be important if systems contain environmentally unfriendly stuffs. In many instances, the disposal costs are low. While in some instances, systems or parts of systems may be refurbished and can be reused, so that disposal may even take to gross or else of cost.To give an feeling of how high the costs of a capital good may be after purchase, Fig. 2.5 shows how the TCO of an engineer-to-order system is divided over the acquisition, care and downtime costs ( A-ner et al. , 2007 ) .Fig. 2.5 the TCO of an engineer-to-order systemThe consequences showed that the sum of down clip costs can account up to 48 % of entire LCC while care cost history for 27 % . For other systems, we may acquire different Numberss, but by and large the tendency is the same the acquisition costs history for merely a fraction of the TCO. The care and downtime costs accounted for a important proportion. When the clients cloud a new system, they are implicitly doing farther investings that are 2-4 times every bit undischarged as the acquisition costs. Therefore, it is of involvement of both original equipment makers ( OEM ) and their clients to minimise the TCO.Another decomposition of costs is given by El-Haram and Horner ( 2003 ) . Harmonizing to their survey, Life rhythm costing is composed of entire acquisition cost, entire generalization direction ( consummation and support ) costs, and entire disposal costCT = C acquisition + C installation direction + C disposal ( 2.2 )Facility Management Costs Under LCC analysis, installation direction ( operation and care ) costs are future disbursals which are similar to the care and downtime costs. Facility direction costs may be two to three times higher than acquisition costs. Therefore, there is a dema nd to plan set abouts that minimizes installation direction costs.2.3 The Life Cycle Costing ProcessLife Cycle Costing is a six-staged procedure as show in Fig. 2.6Fig. 2.6 Life Cycle Costing procedure ( Life Cycle Costing guideline, 2004 )Phase 1 Plan LCC analysisThe Life Cycle Costing procedure begins with the development of a program, which addresses the object and range of the analysis. The program shouldSpecify the analysis aims in footings of public presentation requisite to help direction determinations.Describe the range of the analysis sing the life-time of the capital goods/assets, the operating environment and the care support resources to be employed etc.Identify any implicit in conditions, premise, restrictions and restraints ( such as negligible plus public presentation, availability demands or maximal capital cost restrictions ) that might curtail the backdrop of acceptable options to be evaluated.Supply an estimation of resources required and a coverage agenda for the analysis to indorsement that the LCC consequences will be available to back up the decision-making procedure.The program should be documented at the radical of the Life Cycle Costing procedure to supply a focal point for the remainder of the work. olibanum the customers/users can reexamine the program to guarantee their demands have been right interpreted and cl primal addressed.Phase 2 take in/develop LCC theoretical accountPhase 2 is the choice or development of a LCC theoretical account that satisfies the aims of the analysis.LCC theoretical account contains footings and factors which enable appraisal of all relevant constituent costs. Before choosing a theoretical account, the intent of the analysis and the information it requires should be identified. The theoretical account should besides be reviewed with regard to the pertinence of all cost elements, empirical descents, in variable quantitys and variables.A figure of available theoretical accounts can be used for LCC analysis. And in some instances it is appropriate to develop a specific theoretical account. In either instance, the LCC theoretical account shouldConstruct a cost dislocation construction ( CBS ) that identifies all relevant cost classs in all appropriate life rhythm stages. Cost classs should go on to be broken down until a cost can be readily estimated for each person cost component.Identify the cost elements that wo nt hold important impacts on the overall LCC of the capital goods/assets. These elements may be eliminated from farther consideration.Make appropriate premises which should be documented to steer and back up the subsequent stages of the analysis procedure.Choose a method for gauging the cost associated with each cost component to be included in the theoretical account.i ensure the information required to develop the estimations and place beginnings for the informations.Identify un definitenesss that are likely to be associated with the appraisal of the cost ele ments.Integ point the single cost elements into a incorpo consider LCC theoretical account, which provides the LCC consequences required to run into the analysis aims.Phase 3 Apply LCC theoretical accountApplication of the LCC model involves the undermentioned stairssObtain informations and develop cost estimations and their timing for all the raw material cost elements in the LCC theoretical account.Identify cost drivers by analyzing LCC theoretical account inputs and end products to find the cost elements that have the most important impact on the LCC of the capital goods/assets.Validate the LCC theoretical account with available historical informations if possible.Summarize and categorise the LCC theoretical account outputs harmonizing to the logical groupings ( e.g. fixed or variable costs, acquisition or ownership costs, direct or indirect costs ) .Conduct sensitiveness analyses to crush the impact of fluctuations to premises and cost component uncertainnesss on LCC theoreti cal account consequences. Particular attending should be focused on cost drivers, premises related to plus use and different monetary value simplification evaluate.Review LCC outputs against the aims defined in the analysis program phase to guarantee that all ends have been effect and that sufficient information has been provided to back up the determination. If the aims are non met, extra ratings and transfigureations to the LCC theoretical account may be required.Phase 4 Document and reexamine LCC consequencesThe consequences of the LCC analysis ( including all premises ) should be documented to guarantee that the consequences can be verified and readily replicated by another analyst if necessary and let the customers/users to clearly take in both the end products and the deductions of the analysis along with the restrictions and uncertainnesss associated with the consequences. Besides, a formal reappraisal of the analysis procedure may be required to corroborate the unity an d truth of the consequences, decisions and recommendations.The study should incorporate the undermentioned basic limitExecutive Summary a brief outline of the aims, consequences, decisions and recommendations of the analysis.Purpose and Scope a statement of the analysis aim, plus description including a definition of intended plus usage environment, operating and support scenarios, premises, restraints.LCC ideal Description a sum-up of the LCC theoretical account, including relevant premises, the LCC cost elements and breakdown construction along with the methods of appraisal and integrating.LCC Model Application a presentation of the LCC theoretical account consequences including the recognition of cost drivers, the consequences of sensitiveness analyses and the end product from any other related analyses.Discussion treatment and reading of the consequences including designation of uncertainnesss or other issues which will steer determination shapers and users in understanding a nd utilizing the consequences.Decisions and Recommendations a presentation of decisions related to the aims of the analysis and a make of recommendations along with designation of any demand for farther work or warpation of the analysis.Phase 5 puddle Life Cycle Costing AnalysisThe Life Cycle Costing Analysis is basically a tool, which can be used to command and pull off the on-going costs of the capital goods/assets. It is based on the LCC Model which was developed and applied during the old phases with one of import difference it uses informations on nominal costs.The readying of the Life Cycle Costing Analysis involves reappraisal and development of the LCC Model as a real-time cost entertain mechanism. This requires altering the bing footing from discounted to nominal costs. Estimates of capital costs will be replaced by the factual monetary set paid. Changes may besides be required to the cost dislocation construction and cost elements to reflect the plus constituents to be monitored and the degree of item required.Targets are set for the operating costs and their absolute frequency of happening based ab initio on the estimations used in the old phases. These marks may alter with clip as to a greater extent accurate information is available, either from the existent plus operating costs or from benchmarking with other similar assets.Phase 6 Implement and monitor Life Cycle Costing analysisExecution of the LCC analysis involves the uninterrupted supervise of the existent public presentation of the capital good/asset during its operation and care stages to place countries in which cost nest eggs may be made and to supply feedback for future life rhythm bing planning activities.2.4 Life Cycle Costing ModelAn appropriate LCC theoretical account is provided in Fig. 2.7 by Woodward ( 1997 ) . The theoretical account shows in the first measure the cost elements of involvement are defined from the position of manufacturer/supplier and of the customer/u ser. The 2nd measure defines the cost construction to be used, which will ensue in the possible tradeoff relationships. The following measure is to find the mathematical relationship between the costs. The 4th measure is to set up a methodological analysis to measure the trade-off points of LCC sing all the relationships and uncertainness. Finally we get the LCC analysis consequences.Fig. 2.7 the LCC analysis theoretical account ( Woodward, 1997 )2.4.1 Cost elementsEstimating the entire LCC requires breakdown of the capital good/asset into its component cost elements over clip. The degree to which it is broken down will depend on the intent and range of the LCC survey and requires designation ofimportant cost generating bodily process constituentsthe clip in the life rhythm when the work/activity is to be performedRelevant resource cost classs ( e.g. labor, stuffs, fuel/energy )Woodward ( 1997 ) identified the undermentioned of import cost elements when oblige oning the LCC analys isAcquisition costsLife of the merchandise or systemDiscount rate and rising termssOperating and Care costsDisposal costInformation and feedbackUncertainty and sensitiveness analysisFor the last two points Information and feedback is required to prove whether the LCC computations are accurate the uncertainness takes different rising impairments and discounting scenarios into history the sensitiveness analysis measures the public presentation fluctuations and design options. For case, if a little alteration in a parametric quantity consequences in a big alteration in result, the result is sensitive to that parametric quantity.Costss associated with LCC elements may be farther allocated between repeating and non-recurring costs. LCC elements may besides be estimated in footings of fixed and variable costs. To ease control and decision-making and to back up the Life Cycle Costing procedure, the cost information should be collected and report in a mode consistent with the defined LC C dislocation construction.2.4.2 Cost dislocation constructionIn order to carry on a LCC analysis it is necessary to make a construction that facilitates the designation of undertaking costs in each of the life rhythm stages. The British Standard 5760, portion 23, has a cost dislocation construction ( CBS ) that identifies all relevant costs classs in all appropriate life rhythm stages. The life rhythm cost dislocation construction has five degrees ( Fig.2.8 ) Fig. 2.8 LCC break-down constructionsFlat 1 The undertaking degree has four stages design, production, installation direction and disposal.Flat 2 The stage degree break down the four stages into their several cost classs, that is to say the design and development costs the production and assembly costs the operation, service, support and care costs and the remotion and disposal costs.Flat 3 The class degree takes each class and subdivides it into its cost elements. The design and development costs include the costs related to look for and development, engineering science design, development and trials, and design certification. The production and assembly costs comprise fabrication and assembly, installation building, and initial logistic support costs. The operation, service, support and care costs contain operations of the system in the field, maintaining the system up to an acceptable criterion through service and care, and prolonging care and logistic support throughout the system life rhythm. Finally, the remotion and disposal costs of the system are the estimated value of a system at the destruction of its expected life, including pulverizing cost, recycling or recycling cost and redemption value ( Blanchard et al. , 1995 Kumar et al. , 2000 ) .Flat 4 The element degree takes the classs from degree 3 and interrupt them down into their bomber cost elements. For case, the costs related to research and development can be disaggregated into the costs of forces, informations aggregation, histori cal information analysis and other elements. The cost of operation in the field costs can be broke down into the cost of electric, natural gas, body of water etc.Flat 5 The undertaking degree is the entire cost of all the resources required to finish a undertaking.Fig. 2.9 shows a LCC dislocation construction based on Blanchard et Al. ( 1995 ) .Life Cycle Costing ( LCC )DesignProductionFacility directionDisposalDesign and developmentProduction and assemblyOperations service and careRemoval and disposalResearch & A developmentFabrication and assemblyOperationss engine room designManufacturing technologyTools and trial equipmentFabricationInspection and trialQuality control stuffPacking and transportingService and care trunk technologyElectrical designMechanical designDependabilityMaintainabilityHuman factors logistical support analysisMaintenance/support forcesSpare/repair partsTrial and support equipment dit system and handlingMaintenance/support preparationMaintenance/support ins tallationsMaintenance direction good informationsComputer resourcesSystem downtimeConstructionFabrication installationsTrial installationsOperational installationsCare installationsDevelopment and trialEngineering theoretical accountsTrial and ratingDesign certificationInitial logistic supportSystem alterations programme directionProvisioningInitial stock list directionTechnical informations readyingInitial preparation dressing equipmentTrial and support equipmentFig. 2.9 LCC dislocation construction ( based on Blanchard et al. , 1995 )Estimating cost elementsThe method used to figure the cost elements in LCC computations will depend on the sum of information available. By definition, elaborate cost informations will be limited in the early phases, peculiarly during the design/acquisition stage. Cost informations during these early phases will necessitate to be based on the cost public presentation of similar plus constituents presently in operation. Where new engineering is being employed, informations can merely be based on estimated unit cost parametric quantities specified or suggested by the technician. More information on the plus constituent costs will go available during the usage of the capital good/asset, enabling more complete and descriptive costs to be defined.2.4.4 The estimating cost relationshipsThe bulk of the cost drivers are determined and locked up in the design stage. This stage determines the dependability, maintainability and the effectivity of the system and its constituents. It is of import to hold a good apprehension of how specified assets or systems will execute in the hereafter.Dependability is the chance that a merchandise fabricate to a given design will run throughout a specified period without sing a indictable failure, when maintained in conformity with maker s instructions and non capable to the environmental or operational emphasiss beyond bounds stipulated by the maker or put Forth in the purchase understanding ( Moss and Dekker, 1985 ) .Maintainability is that component of merchandise design concerned with guaranting that ability of the merchandise to execute satisfactorily can be sustained throughout its intended utile life span with minimal scoop of money and attempt understanding ( Moss and Dekker, 1985 ) .A system is technically available when it can run into the throughput where its client agreed on. Availability of a system is typically measured as a factor of itsA dependability. The System Availability is the chance that a system will be in a status to execute its intended map when. As widely recognized, the expression for system handiness isSystem availability= ( 2.3 )In general it can be stated that LCC are mostly determined by the system handiness ( A ) demands set by the clientLCC = C ( A ) acquisition + C ( A ) maintenance+ C ( A ) downtime+ Cdisposal ( 2.4 )A ( 2.5 )WhereMTBF Mean-Time-Between-Failures and MTBF measures the system uptimeMDT Mean-Down-Time and MDT measures the system d owntimeThe most of import facet of LCC in the design stage is the average clip between failures ( MTBF ) of the system. MTBF is defined as the mean clip before the first failure of a repairable system occurs ( Kumar et al. , 2000 ) . On one manus MTBF plays an of import function in the costs of the design stage, increasing the MTBF of the system will increase the system s acquisition cost ( A-ner et al. , 2008 ) . On the other manus it besides plays an indispensable function in the care costs of the life rhythm, viz. , increasing the MTBF of the system will cut down the care costs.The other of import facet is the clip the system is expected to be out of operation when a failure occurs. Although system s MTBF are rather long, the mean down clip ( MDT ) determines the costs of non runing for each system failure. Therefore OEMs should do certain these down times are every bit low as possible.The relationship between LCC and system handiness is complex because alterations in system hand iness can increase certain LCC constituents and lower others. and then it means that there will be a trade-off point between the MTBF, MDT and the LCC. Elaborate treatments will be made in the undermentioned chapters.2.5 Discounting and InflationDiscounting and rising prices are two of import constituents which should be treated carefully when ciphering the LCC.Discounting is a method where the investing for a future period is adjusted to the clip value of money by a price decline rate. A price reduction rate is the per centum of difference between the value of an investing paid in the present and the value of an investing paid in the hereafter. Besides, in LCC analysis it is common to take into history rising prices rates for the future period. In order to take some uncertainness into history different rates can be chosen. The associated price reduction rate should be used with attention, since there are differences between existent and nominal price reduction rates. The former e xcludes rising prices and the latter includes rising prices.In concern activities, price reduction rates are normally based on market involvement rates, that is, nominal involvement rates which include the investor s outlook or general rising prices. Market involvement rates by and large serve as the footing for the choice of a nominal price reduction rate, which is used to drop off future costs expressed in current dollars. In contrast, the existent price reduction rate needed to dismiss changeless dollar sums to show value reflects merely the existent gaining power of money, non the rate of general rising prices ( Fuller and Petersen, 1996 ) . The existent price reduction rate, vitamin D, can be derived from the nominal price reduction rate, D, if the rate of rising prices, I, is known. The relationship is as follows( 2.6 )Then the general expression for the LCC present-value theoretical account is( 2.7 )WhereLCC= entire LCC in present-valueCt= amount of all relevant costs, inclu ding initial and future costsN= figure of old ages in the survey period, andd= existent price reduction rate used to set hard currency flows to show valueFurthermore, the price reduction rate is likely to alter from period to period and there are many price reduction rates. When utilizing the existent price reduction rate in present value computations, cost should be expressed in changeless dollars. Taxs and derogation allowances should be accounted for in LCC computations, every bit good as any local value consequence. By and large, the straight-line method of depreciation is used. It is simple to utilize and it is based on the rule that each period of the plus life should deprecate every bit ( Ellis, 2007 ) .2.6 DecisionLCC analysis is used as the footing for monitoring and direction of costs over the capital good or plus s life clip. It is basically a fiscal direction tool. In pattern, costs are by and large non expressed as existent or discounted costs but as nominal costs to e nable a compare of the predicted cost and the existent cost. This enables better anticipation and accommodation of the Life Cycle Costing theoretical account.In the article wrote by Ellis ( 2007 ) , he stated that harmonizing to old surveies, old LCC computations did non bring forth dependable prognosiss. The estimated values might be rather different from existent values and that trying to gauge far in the hereafter could take to forecasting mistakes ( Ashworth, 1996 ) . And LCC is non an exact scientific discipline, end products are merely estimations and estimations are non accurate. blush so, given robust and realistic premises, LCC analysis is a utile assistance for the customers/users to compare life rhythm cost of reciprocally sole assets and find which plus provides the best value per unit money pass ( Barringer and Weber, 1996 ) . For the application of LCC analysis, realistic premises can be obtained from measuring the public presentation of similar assets, carry oning literature reappraisals, obtaining information from makers, sellers, contractors, and utilizing mean support and care costs ( Robinson, 1996 ) and it should be performed early in the design stage.The finding of costs is an built-in portion of the plus direction procedure. LCC analysis can be applied to any capital investing determination in which higher initial costs are traded for rock-bottom hereafter disbursals.

Sunday, May 19, 2019

African American Criticism Essay

Lois Tyson in the African American Criticism section of his famous book Critical guess Today tried to make familiar the readers with the fundamental aspects of African American literary tarradiddle. In this thrill he explained different important and concerning factors which arise in the mind of the reader while reading the book. truly to satisfy the need of the students who are ignorant or less knowledgeable about different major issues of African American History like the Great Migration, the Civil Rights movement, the Black Power Movement and some others, he wrote this book.Moreover African American being a plumping population in the united States contributed immensely to the arts and literature of the American society. He also drew the attention of the readers of the book to the groundless fact of exclusion of the African American history and culture from the authorized description of American history during 1960s. Throughout the section the author called for a major cha nge in the self-identification and self-awareness of the African Americans in the late(a) 1960s.Moreover he also pointed out the fact that then many African Americans were victims of internalized racism which results from the mental programming by which a racist society indoctrinates people of color to believe in sporting superiority (Tyson 383). Mentioning some examples the author showed that this internalized racism sometimes led to intra-racial racism by giving stock to severe discriminations to the black people. This intra-racial racism had its own adverse effects on the socio economic structure of the Postcolonial American society.Readers also come to know that apart from being the victims of both internalized racism and intra-racial racism which have scourge psychological effects among the African Americans, they also suffered from economic hardship and social marginalization caused by institutionalised racism (Tyson 383). The story also nicely portrays that how these Afr ican Americans experienced fork-like consciousness or double vision in this Postcolonial American society. Actually they have to follow two different cultures.The first is accepted black culture which is followed at the home and the other is European culture gifted by the white-skinned Americans which is followed at the school or college or workplace. This book also discusses the evolution of American literature and the influence of Afro central literature on it. Critics often agree that most of the African American literature highlighted different sociological and political issues which greatly influence the lives of African Americans.So far what we have discussed the different aspects of African American Criticism and the much awaited response which came into play to make this artifact a grand supremacy and thus helping the African Americans to get a congenial and favorable environment to live in. gum olibanum the book was able to portray the conditions of African Americans g iving much importance to their history and criticized the whole affaire with a positive attitude which left a deep impact on a large number of people. Works Cited Tyson, Lois. Critical Theory Today A User-Friendly Guide. New York Garland Publishing, Inc. , 1999.

Saturday, May 18, 2019

Exporting Toys from Belgium to the People’s Republic of China

pic ________________ KATHOLIEKE UNIVERSITEIT LEUVEN efficacy of affair and economics Inter subject field Marketing Toys Exporting recreates from Belgium to the heaps land of chinaw be pic Julie Mertens 1 Master TEW Prof. Pierre FrancoisAcademic year two hundred8-2009 1. T satis particularory of contents2 2. Introduction3 3. Consumption socialisation in the Peoples Republic of mainland mainland chinaw be 4 1. mainland chinaw be and its economic growth 1. Export5 2. Open economy 3. Middle class messs consumption refining 2. Culture 1. whizz child policy 2. Filiarchy6 3. Six pocket syndrome 4. maternal education 5. Childrens personal expenditures . Mian zi7 7. Mien-tsu & Lien 8. Guanxi 9. Fake intersections 10. Cheaper before better8 11. Religion 12. Astrology & superstition 13. lyric 14. Emotions9 15. transmission form elaboration 16. Research studies 17. Hofstede10 4. Proposed Marketing adaptations 11 1. part 2. Targeting 3. Positioning 4. P strain adaptations 12 5. increase adaptations 1. reaping specifications 2. mixing change13 3. Brand name 4. Image 5. Packaging 6. utility level 6. Distribution Strategy14 7. Communication15 1. Media and the nitty-gritty 2. publicizing and promotion 5. General conclusion16 6. References17 7. Apendices18 . Introduction Nowadays, in this time of economic depression, some citizenry cerebrate the era of globalization is over. Others examine globalization as a necessity in these times of integrating into genius introductionculture. In this paper, I depart try to indicate if and to which extent the grocerying- smorgasbord should be adapted when exportationing Belgian toys to the Peoples Republic of chinaw be. First, a teentsy club introduction is disposed. Secondly, some germane(predicate) facts and numbers ab bulge the Peoples Republic of mainland china atomic number 18 discussed. Then, some ethnical divergencys amid Belgium and PRC argon considered.Finally, the proposed market adaptat ions leave behind be downstairs consideration. Lilli frame iniens a company introduction Lilliputiens is a Belgian company that specialises in the mathematical production of fabric-based toys. What instals them apart is the super lofty product quality. Their aim is to reassure that all of their toys combine their three core tax provide quality toys at groundable expenses, which ar fun to take over with, great to crock up at and attain an educational value. picpic In order to bonniely stimulate their little customers, namely sons and girls in the zero to quintette age turn tail, they fuddle taked gentle toys do of soft fabric.Their senses argon stimulated thanks to the apply of a diverse range of textures, sounds, shapes and colours. The toys are designed with the knowledge that toys enable children to imagine, touch, create and think. Those provide a key role in childrens victimization. separate special feature of the toys is that they evolve in a way that a ccompanies the baby throughout his or her characterization into early infancy. As the child grows, the new influence elements are revealed, making new activities and games possible. As a consequence, these toys no longer need to be put back in the box after(prenominal) just three monthsNot totally boos but also a play mat, a nutriment pyramid, a table set and a ruler are amongst the Lilliputiens product line. pic pic pic 3. Consumption culture in the Peoples Republic of China China and its economic growth China is the greatest and most repugn new frontier that international marketers are facing today. China is the most populated body politic in the world. With 1 fifth of the world population and the largest population of children in the world, it is an enormous potential market. Chinas economic growth has risen 11% during 2007 and keeps developing.There is new specie to spend by the 200 million acquisitive tidy sum in the set class. But numbers are non everything you d efy to win races hearths to be and stay in business. Let that be the issue of this paper. pic externalise 1 Chinas estimated per capita income per province in 2003 As shown in figure 2 and 3, Chinas economic growth passes unequally. Eastern regions have cognise a faster growth that has obligaten rise to an enormous gap between Eastern and Hesperian China. Eastern China has become very oftentimes occidental with polar needs as a result.In this paper, only Chinas Eastern, urban regions bequeath be discussed since Chinas ten largest cities, which contain only four percent of Chinas population, account for approximately 22 percent of its earning power and 19 percent of its spending power. The urban childrens market contains somewhat 100 million children. Figure 2Figure 3 Export The Chinese market is a paradise for both internal and foreign rankors. In 2006, Belgium has exported for almost 3 billion euro to China. This makes China Belgiums thirteenth trading partner with 1. 1% of our GDP. However compared to India, Belgiums eighth business partner, the export ratio is lower.To further improve export, well(p) connections will be needed. Open economy check to Eugene Wang, China is relatively open to foreign investments. China has the largest supply of foreign direct investments. Compared to India, Chinas obligation protection is to a greater extent modest and keeps declining. This has resulted in a rapid increase in the volume of imports. In 2003, Chinas imports rated 30% of its gross domestic product, which is twice the import ratio of the U. S. Foreign firms with facilities in spite of appearance China account for 25% of all manufactured comfortablys. These goods roll in the hay be exported or could serve Chinas internal market.Middle class large numbers consumption culture The present middle class or new voluminous have made money and acquired standing in only one generation. China has an ambiguous relationship towards foreign culture Chinese both worship and reject it. Imported goods represent purchasing power, status and good taste. Chinese explode to adore Western culture and lifestyle. Although the Western consumption culture conflicts with their handed-down consumption culture of thrift and spending in residual to income, the middle class have become a part of the consumerism culture, especially in the fashion consumption.Albeit their norms and set tend to incline towards the Western culture, imitation is gradually transferring into their own consumption culture. I consume so I exist is the new attitude. The new rich surpass actual needs and as a result become to a greater extent qualified for merchandising and advertisement. They spend a lot of money on consumer goods, like toys. A potential market is definitely at that place Culture Cultures are learned by parenting as well up as social interactions and and so they female genital organ change. Despite the impact of current globalization, cultural differen ces will stay. One-child policyThe biggest cultural difference between the rest of the world and China is the one-child policy. Since 1979, collect to Chinas history and much specifically the population control, law states a maximum of one child per rest al-Qaida. Observational data shows that thither are 18% more than boys than girls. Compared to the world average, this percentage lays 15% higher In China, men stand for responsibility for the family and are raised to become the head of the household. Therefore, people prefer to have a baby boy rather than a baby girl. However, in the urban regions this is gradually changing.More and more parents cherish the analogous ambitions for their girl. In fact, in the big cities girls are favourite(a) because parents will non have to worry about being able to provide enough accept chest. pic Figure 4 Advertisement to promote the one child policy carry out family homework implement the rump national policy Filiarchy Whether a ch ild is born as a boy or a girl, it is born with untold more responsibility on his shoulders than in the rest of the world. When it comes to education, wellness or money, parents will do whatever it takes to contribute to the triumph of live of their children.For that reason, the one child determines the household. jibe to Mc Neal and Yeh, Chinese children influence the consumption pattern in such a significant way, namely by 68%, that outsiders look upon him or her as a spoiled brat or little emperor. In the case of toys, the influence on the parents purchases mounts up to 93% for children in the zero to five age range. On an annual basis, Chinese children exert a direct influence on play item purchases of three billion dollar per year. It can be said that China has shifted from a patriarchate to a filiarchy kids have become the centre of the universeSix pocket syndrome Chinese parents spend much more time, money and effort on their only childs development. Chinese children are n ot only raised by their parents but by the whole family. This help source of money, the grandparents, lives in the same household payable to other standards of living. This results in six adults indulging one child. This military unit is better known as the 4-2-1 indulgence or the six pocket syndrome. Parental education In China, guild is much more collective than in Belgium. This is reflected in the Chinese family and kinship system.It is not unusual that grandparents live below the same roof. Not surprisingly, family has a tremendous impact on a child education. From birth, Chinese children are learned to detect and obey their elders. Unlike in Belgium, Chinese adults keep seeking for parental approval. Childrens personal expenditures In the first place, children learn about new products from other children, followed by advertisement and shop visits. Research has shown that there is a difference in requests between boys and girls. Beyond expectations, girls ask significantl y more for toys than boys But who pays for their expenditures?For children under the age of four, it are the parents and other relatives who buy and pay for the toys. Unexpected but true, fit in to Chan children start to spend their own money on their own wants and needs from the age of four, mostly toys and food Mian zi Chinese children do not spend all of their money. A four year old saves around 75% of his pocket money. Their regular income can be spent but special incomes given on birthdays or Chinese New Year are expected to be saved. Learn how to manage money is a second but just as important reason why Chinese parents give their children money.China derives from a socialist economy and has a culture that emphasizes on saving money because they retrieve this contributes to the development of ones prestige, which is called mian zi. Mien-tsu & Lien Mien-tsu stands for a reputation through drive, ostentation and success often expressed by personal wealth-. The more mien-tsu a p erson has, the higher his social status is and the more influence a person has on others and important decisions. A persons mien-tsu is dynamic it can change over time by someones success or failure. Lien represents the trustingness of society in a persons sincerity and can only be alienated by misconduct.Together, they determine the importance of a person in his interpersonal relations among Chinese. In China, this is highly important when doing business, because contracts are defined by trust and connections. Guanxi If a Chinese wants to be successful in business, he needs more than just brains. Guanxi is a personal network of influence and social relationships that is utilise to obtain a service or favor for reasonable purposes. Guanxi can be compared to social chapiter and so it is not an act of bribery. The line between guanxi and corruption is rather thin.Chinese have a different view on corruption and crime. Corruption is very big issue in China, fifty-fifty within the Chinese government, which censors authoritative information. As a result, statistics should always be used with cautiousness. Fake products In China, counterfeiting is a national sport. 40% of all counterfeit toys have China as its country of origin. Although China has signed international agreements on patents and production rights, there are two reasons why they do not hold on to them. First, it is a result of historical factors. Most Chinese do not consider copying someone elses work as a crime.Secondly, Chinese bank the Western companies are already rich enough, so counterfeiting does not harm the genuine producers. This way, China stays the epicentre of the interpolate industry. pic pic Cheaper before better The question Are Chinese genuine and counterfeit products are worse than Western products has no unilateral answer. On the one hand, China stands for cheaper -and therefore often insecurityous- instead of better. reckon of the Mattel incident, where Chinese toys had to be taken back because the paint had too much lead in it.The do in China is rather a warning than a quality label. On the other hand, a difference between made in China and do by China has to be made. European companies who produce in China generally correspond to the Western criteria, so Made in China does not always indicate encounters. According to Holslag, a researcher at the Brussels Institute for contemporaneous China Studies, China will catch up to the Western norms concerning quality within the foreseeable future. as well as a shift from knickknacks to high-tech products is taking place. Religion China is a country full of traditions.One of them is Confucianism, which was the state doctrine until 1912. Confucianism is not really a religion but more a doctrine or guideline for everyday life and determines what to eat, how to behave, what to wear, ect. According to Confucius, laws are not a good basis of the State. He believes imbueing people with rituals is more effectiv e to reach State stability. Confucius society is very hierarchic everyone knows his determine and should act like it. Though society is not static. His idea was that talented people should be able to move up in society, which has had a great impact on the Chinese vision of life.Later, Buddhism, Christian and mainly Taoism influences mingled with Confucianism into neo-Confucianism. So, it is not strange to uprise a Chinese who is a Confucian, Buddhist as well as a Taoist. pic Nature & Astrology & superstition Chinese culture stands in function of nature. Chinese consider themselves part of nature and try to live in harmony with it. In Chinese astrology, the zodiac of twelve brute signs represents twelve different types of personality. The zodiac traditionally begins with the sign of the rat, followed by the ox, the tiger, the rabbit, ect.This year, Chinese New Year move on 26th of January and stands in the sign of the ox. Superstition plays an important role in Chinese culture. A lthough fortune-telling is forbidden, people go to fortune-tellers to ask whether their child will be a boy or a girl. address Mandarin is the most spoken voice communication in China. If you speak Mandarin, you have 915 million native verbalize conversation partners Next to the official language, there are numerous dialects. Besides the different spoken languages, there are also two written languages. pic Emotions You will not often see a Chinese cryingChinese often get blame for not placeing what they really think or feel. Westerners find that Chinese behave in a cold manner. A possible explanation is the fact that people were hanged in the past for taking a different view on certain matters. some other explanation is that defending ones opinion is a Western way of dealing with a situation when there are opposing thoughts. Chinese are learnt at school to accept what is told. Business culture A difference between Belgian and Chinese culture is that Chinese do not work by a mod el as much as Belgians do.In Belgium, people set up a plan and execute it. In China, people are much more flexible. They stay and react on the situation. A possible explanation can be found in their education. Chinese children come in contact with much more opinions during their family education. Laws, contracts and rules are less(prenominal) significant. Chinese have a different calendar, namely the Moon calendar. Fortunately, for business they also use the Gregorian calendar. Research studies Culture is defined by what we buy and why we buy it. National culture determines consumer behaviour, not income. (De Mooij)At first sight, culture does not seem relevant when it comes to toys. Toys are used for childrens diversion. However, there certainly is a difference in usage between Belgium and China. As mentioned before, Chinese parents find it extremely important that their child stands out from the mass. Therefore, Chinese parents buy toys to stimulate their children to learn as so on as possible rather than for entertainment. So, marketing, mark and advertising strategies should be adapted when exporting toys to China. Hofstede But how different are the Belgian and Chinese culture?According to Hofstede, one can define cultural difference on the basis of five dimensions on a 0 to 100-range scale. The degree of power distance, individualism, masculinity, uncertainty avoidance and long-term orientation determines a national culture. The higher the score, the more dimension determines the culture. Belgium belongs to the more developed Latin countries cluster and China falls under the less developed Asian countries. pic Figure 5 Cultural difference between China and Belgium bureau distance More than Belgian culture, the Chinese culture knows a larger power distance.In China, the espousal of hierarchy and authority is higher. Since all people are treated fairly, they do not resist and respect higher ranked and elder people because these stand for wisdom. As ment ioned before, Chinese rely much more on human relationships (guanxi) than on contracts. Individualism Esomar research shows that China is a collectivist culture, in which devotion and social network (Mien-stu, Lien & Guanxi) are important. In China, the group where you belong to defines your identity. In Belgium, people and society are more individualistic, which has enabled capitalism.Masculinity Concerning the masculinity/femininity, there is not much distinction between Belgium and China. twain countries have some features of both characteristics. Uncertainty avoidance In Belgium, people believe they have trustingness in their own hands. In China, people depend much more on fate and believe their destiny is compulsive for them. In this fatalistic country, failure is unevitable. Belgians are more threatened by risk and uncertainty than the Chinese. As a result, the Chinese are much more open to change. This confirms the Confucianism influence on China.Long-term orientation Lik e other Southeast Asian countries, China is long term oriented. This has the similar effect as the Confucian values, which are acceptance of change, perseverance, thrift and pursuit of peace of mind. Belgium, on the other hand, strives for immediate results like other Western countries. According to Hofstede, these cultural differences will remain over time, how much globilization even takes place. Now that the Chinese culture has no mysteries anymore, lets take a look at which adaptations are to be made. 4. Proposed Marketing adaptationsCross-cultural awareness the understanding that what is normal in one culture can be offending in another one starts to gain credit. People start to recognize that to be successful in foreign business, the company should adapt the marketing mix to the countrys values and culture. However, adaptation is very costly and time-consuming. Although China is becoming more Occidental, the marketing mix should be adapted only until the profits do not make up for the costs anymore. class There is no such thing as an average consumer Therefore, there is no use -or value- in making an average product.First, the company has to distinguish the different market segments based on similar product needs for consumers. For the Chinese toy market, a distinction between the urban and rural households can be made. The question whether a market segment is specific enough to make it a segment on its own depends on four Ps. The first P stands for product. Children in urban China play with different and more qualitative toys than children in rural China. The second P stands for bell. Since urban China is much wealthier, they are less price sensitive than rural China. Also the service level, the third P, differs.The more cultured East demands a higher servicelevel. The final P, promotion, varies from TV advertisement and word of let loose in urban China to only word of mouth in rural China. Size Product Price Service Promotion Urban 36 % High q uality High High TV + word of mouth Rural 64 % Different toys Low Low Word of mouth Table 1 Segmentation the four PsTargeting In a next phase, the company has to make a strategical choice. This hard-to-reverse decision, namely the decision which specific market segment will be targeted, depends on the value that can be offered to customers. Although the final consumers are children between zero and five eld old, most of the time it will be the parents who will buy the toys. Since the most profitable segment is Chinas urban household segment, this market segment will be targeted. For the reason that this target group lives highly concentrated in the cities, they are easy to reach customers.Positioning Brand positioning is the process by which marketers try to create an run into or identity in the minds of their target market for a certain product. The question is whether a firebrand should be global or not. In this case, a global image of the brand is not important. It would be better to distinguish the positioning since in China the focus would be on learn during playing compared to recreation and entertainment in Belgium. Although it is costly, the company will benefit from this investment because of the corroborative effect on buying behaviour.Two company images will not confuse customers since there is a language and character barrier between both countries. Price adaptations A price can be determined on the basis of costs, by looking at competitors prices or in proportion to the value created towards the end-consumer. I would suggest the company to go for the third option. Although the companys first goal should be market penetration resulting in low prices , still a skimming pricing scheme seems best. The dolls are of a superior quality and luxury products demand a high price.I believe 50 euro or 465 Chinese Yuan would be an appropriate price for a 25 by 15 curium doll. This high price can be justified because the toy cannot only be used for en tertainment but also for educational purposes. Since the income of the middle class is only rising, according to my market research (see apendix) at this price there will be enough potential buyers. Another reason that justifies a high price is the high level of pre and after gross sales service Chinese demand, which will be discussed further. Product adaptations Product specificationsNowadays, toy manufacturers do not adapt the features of the dolls But research has shown that it hurts the childerns self-esteem. Therefore, the company should make the skin colour, hair, eyes, height, ect. as shown in figure 6. pic Figure 6 A Chinese Lilliputien doll with yellow-bellied skin, dark hair and dark slit-eyed eyes. One of Lilliputiens toys is the food pyramid by which children can learn how to put together well-balanced meals. Since people in China eat other vegetables, other meat and noodles and rice instead of potatoes, this pyramid should be adapted.Another Lilliputien toy, the tab le set also should be modified since Chinese eat with chopsticks instead of fork and knife. pic pic Figure 7 Food pyramidFigure 8 Table set Assortment change Children like choice therefore the product line should be expanded. The current themes like the circus, the Indians, the Pirates, the giving birth of Jesus Christ could be supplemented with the twelve zodiac animals of the Chinese astrology. A doll of the childs animal sign can be given as a gift at the childs birth.A less perfect acquisition for the assortment would be a Buddhist doll, Chinese would find it inappropriate and rude. Brand name Due to a different language and moreover a different alphabet, it is crucial to change the company name and product names. Lilliputiens would be unpronounceable. My suggestion would be to render the companys name by transliteration, so that is sounds the closest to its original name. Pu-Tien means all over the world, which fits with the company philosophy, to give all children over the world the chance to play. ImageThe new rich people love to show off their wealth. A good idea would be to create a good recognizable logo to put on each doll so that others can recognize the brand and they can brag about expensive purchase. The advertisement campaigns should be identifiable by showing rich and fortunate people. Packaging Since the packaging has to sell the product, it is essential to make it as colourful and vibrant as possible. The company certainly has to use the colour red on the packaging, since in China, red has a positive connotation and stands for success, honour, fertility, happiness and love.Qualitative information, about the fact that this toy is educational as well as entertaining, must be provided to the Chinese parents. A good idea could be to use a faction of Chinese and English language in the toys manual. Due to internalization, the Chinese middle and upper class have become familiar with English. Toys are often given as a gift. The packaging has to look nice, because gifts are used to build up and strengthen relationships. The dolls are very soft and have different textures, therefore the company could use an open packaging so potential customers can feel and see the product before purchasing. Service level When a child has a need, it wants the need to be gratified as soon as possible. Since fast delivery is thus very important, there has to be enough farm animal at any time. Because the Pu-Tien toys are more than just toys, this educational plaything stimulates senses and development of a child, there is need for pre sales service. Although China pays a lot of attention to pre-sales service as well as post sales service, they do not expect a guarantee on toys. Given that the dolls are made for children between zero and five years old, avoiding small parts and implementing warnings can prevent danger to children.Safety regulations are less strict in China. Nevertheless, the company should keep their high level of quality. Since the dolls are made in Belgium, the company should exploit their country of origin effect and explicitly mention Made in Belgium. Distribution strategy Business culture In China, paper means nothing. So if contracts do not work, what will? You need to band with local anesthetic people and win their trust. This is where the Guanxi comes in. To obtain a certain service or favour, a personal network of influence and social relationships are a must.According to Li Qinfu, contact with the Chinese government also plays a very important role. When Westerners want to do business they contact their lawyers, when Chinese do business they contact government officials. Parallel import I would not set a lower price in the Chinese market than in the home market because due to relative low trade barriers, the risk and impact of grey export from China to Belgium would be too big. Mode of entry At first instance, due to low costs and a high control level, I would recommend the company to set up a website.But on further consideration, children want their needs to be gratified as soon as possible. In addition, if the toys are reachable (merchandising), they will also nag more, which helps children to get what they want if they have shut-up parents. Shipment costs for a prior delivery would be too large in proportion to the retail price. Another reason why a website would not be a good mode of entry is the level of pre and after sales service a Chinese consumer demands. The target segment, namely middle and upper class people with high requirements, searches for qualitative, pedagogical responsible and save toys.Therefore, these luxury toys should be sold in fancy local retail stores, not in ordinary supermarkets. The trade-off of using retail stores goes between the fact that the products are reachable, ready for delivery, a high service level and less control, more risk and higher investments. Since toy dealers are not motivated to deliver good sales support, a good way to check the service is ghost shopping. This market research technique of sending fake customers will tell if sales men give the right information and service to potential buyers and customers.Since feedback from distributors does not come easily because they are independent, a good idea is to improve relationships with local parties by means of guanxi. Communication A good strategy is nothing if it is not well executed. Advertisement is the most culturally sensitive element of the marketing mix. Therefore, it is wise to decide well how to say what you want to say. Media and the message When announcing the product launch to the potential customers by the media, the message strategy is of crucial importance. According to Hofstede, the communication style depends on the five dimensions of local culture.China is a developing, high context and collectivistic country. The best communication style is a less informative and more persuasive and emotional approach. When advertising on TV, a good idea would be to use the least words as possible. Optimally, only utilize non-verbal language. Not only because collectivistic cultures are more visually orientated (De Mooij), but also because children between zero and five cannot read and have a very small vocabulary. Toddlers have very well developed visual capabilities and are sensitive to emotions. For that reason, a visual advertisement would do better.In combination with a lot of colour, childrens attention will be monopolized. Although Hofstede suggests a less informative approach, I believe that the message towards the (grand)parents should be informative (information on age, warnings) and focus on the educational value of the product. Pu-Tien toys provide a key role in a childs development its senses are stimulated thanks to the use of a diverse range of textures, sounds, shapes and colours. As slogan I would recommend Pu-tien tested, child & educational approved As mentioned before, Chinese culture has shifted fro m a patriarchy to a filiarchy.As a result, advertisement will focus on children and their needs. Advertisement and promotion Not only the message, also the medium by which potential consumers are informed matters. In a first phase of promoting the product, children need to get to know the product. To gain product awareness, the company should undertake sampling. By offering certain pre-school kindergartens and day nursery centres some free samples, children will come in contact with the Pu-Tien product range. This is a win-win situation. Schools will be thankful to receive teaching aids nd our company will benefit from other childrens word of mouth, which is the best marketing tool. If our product line appeals to the children, children will nag to their parents to get the product. Sampling has as advantage that it is the most effective promotion strategy but unfortunately it is extremely expensive. Advertising on TV will be a second step of the companys promotion strategy. Due to hypersegmentation, there are almost 3000 TV move in China. With the given marketing budget, it would be too expensive to advertise on all of them. I would suggest advertising on one childrens channel as well as on one adult channel.Although the companys target group is children between zero and five years old and their personal expenditures start from the age of four, mostly adults will buy the product for them. Since grandparents live in the same household, also raise their grandchildren and are happy to spend their money on their grandchildrens formation, the commercialised should consist of not only the childs parents but of the whole family. Also some traditional symbols or Chinese icons should be put in because it will help to make the connection between the Western and their own consumption culture.As marketing manager, I think it is best not to invest money in global advertisement. I have computed the extent of standardization and found that toys are a cultural product. The refore, the message and medium should change. It is not necessary to have one corporate brand image because the children in Belgium and China will not come in contact with each other, so it will not be confusing. Conclusion SWOT-analysis Strengths The major strength of the companys product is the educational value that comes with the product. Chinese find education extremely important. WeaknessesA relative high price is chosen due to the risk and impact of parallel import. But a small segment with a high price can be more profitable than large volumes of low profit margin products. Opportunities Learning more about China, its culture, rules and laws and setting up a social network, with the government as well, will be extremely important. This will take some time, effort and money but it will enlarge the companys chance to succeed tremendously. Threats I believe the biggest challenge will be the fierce competition from less qualitative and counterfeit dolls that are much cheaper.To conclude, as a marketing manager, I must say China stays a black box. When you have done all research that is possible business in China still is risky. At least with the suggested adaptations the risk will be minimized and the success is multiplied. 6. References Interview Interview with my neighbour Yan Lu, a Chinese middle class woman living in Belgium since then years Books Kotler, P. et all (2005). Principles of Marketing. Prentice Hall Harlow. pp XVIII, 788. Chan, K. & McNeal, J. (2004). Advertising to children in China. The Chinese University Press of Hong Kong. pp. I, 1-21, II, 23-42.Latham, K. & Thompson, S. & Klein, J. (2006). consume China. Routledge. Yau, O. H. M. (1994). Consumer behaviour in China. Routledge. pp III, 63-83. Usunier, J. -C. (2000). Marketing across cultures. Prentice Hall Harlow. pp V Articles Mooij, M. (2005). Mapping cultural values for global marketing and advertising. Dobbelaere, B. & Reynebeau, M. (2008). Bijlage China de rode boekjes middelpunt v an de wereld, 1,3 miljard sporters, een exploderende economie, paradijs voor investeerders, kleine vrouwen, een wereldmacht, de nieuwe rijken, een milieuramp, de diaspora, traditionele cultuur, culinair.De Standaard Reportage Marketing to children. Een, Koppen, 23/12/2008 Internet pages http//www. lilliputiens. be/EN/philosophy_nobel. htm 28/10/2008 http//www. allcountries. org/china_statistics/4_4_basic_statistics_on_national_population. html 25/11/2008 http//www. namingnewsletter. com/article. asp? id=42 25/11/2008 http//findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m2294/is_9-10_53/ai_n16084036 23/12/2008 http//benmuse. typepad. com/ben_muse/china/index. html 25/11/2008 http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Positioning_(marketing) 23/12/2008 http//simonworld. mu. nu/ memoir/105889. hp 24/12/2008 http//smallswordsmagazine. com/articles/life/chinesesarcasm. html 3/01/2009 http//www. wing-international. com/ 03/01/2009 7. Apendices pic Market research Questionnaire What is an appropriate price for the Pu -Tien doll? 1) Are you a male/female? 2) How old are you? 3) What is your highest level of education you have achieved? 4) What is your marital status? 5) How much do you earn each month? 6) Do you live in one of Chinas big cities? 7) What is your housing type? 8) Do you have (grand)children? 9) How many (grand)children do you have? 0) Is it a boy or a girl? 11) Do you believe your (grand)childs development is important? 12) Do you like to spend money on your (grand)childrens (birthday)presents? 13) How much would you normally spend on your (grand)childs birthday? 14) Have you ever bought a Pu-Tien doll for your (grand)child? 15) Where you pleased with your purchase? 16) What was the occasion you bought the doll for? 17) How much did it cost you? 18) Did you found it a reasonable price? 19) What would have been the highest/lowest price at which you would buy a Pu-Tien doll?